to imagine modern life without money today is simply impossible.Even the most ardent opponents of wealth have to deal with them.You can refuse to electronic payments, do not use credit cards, but not paper money to live any of us are likely to fail.
concept notes
them, there are several.Most of them simply bill defines as cash, made of paper with paint.In terms of classical economic theory, the bill - it is a form of credit money.They are issued by the central bank of a country, which in most cases is one of the institutions of state power.
However, its economic content, the bill is not an absolute synonym of paper money.These two concepts have a number of significant differences.
- Banknotes are issued only by banks, while the paper money can be issued by the Treasury or the Ministry of Finance.
- Banknotes are gold or bills of exchange software.Paper money, in most cases does not provide.
- banknote issued for trade.The purpose of the issue of paper money is to cover the budget deficit.
Types of money
banknote - is a form of existence of money.One, but not the only one.At different times and in different conditions apply their various kinds.
Money can be divided into full and defective.The first group includes those who have a private real cost - the cost of production, and it is equal to their face value.This type includes commodity money, which are widely used for barter at the dawn of circulation of money and metal coins, silver and gold.
have devalued money significantly exceeds the nominal value of the real.That they include paper and credit.The note - this is one of the latest varieties.
History of banknotes
Credit money for any of the sale of goods on credit.In the beginning for this purpose the buyer to the seller wrote out a bill.This is an unconditional obligation of the debtor to pay the holder of the paper some money after a certain period.
Eventually bills themselves become the object of an agreement between the debtor and the creditor.Commercial banks have begun to write their own notes released on bail.They were the first banknotes.They used a lot of confidence from traders compared with the obligations of certain Issuers.This is explained mainly by the fact that the banks at the time were the most solvent institutions.
very first banknotes appeared in China in the 8th century.They were the pieces of cotton paper.Paper banknotes in Europe emerged in Sweden in 1661.England began issuing notes in 1694, Denmark - in 1713, France - in 1716.
Paper money in Tsarist Russia
idea of putting into circulation of banknotes is popularly called the bill, in Czarist Russia came in the days of the reign of ElizabethIn the first half of the 18th century.However, it was categorically rejected by the Senate, which could not allow that in an appeal instead of "real" money will go some "pieces of paper".When Peter III state treasury was empty.As a result, in May 1762 it was launched banknotes, which replaced metal money in circulation.However, in the appeal they have not acted.Prevented the coup, in which ascended to the throne of Catherine II.
Nevertheless, the idea of paper money was already implemented in 1769, when by decree of Empress two banks were established in St. Petersburg and Moscow.Received Russian banknotes in circulation had a value of 25, 50, 75 and 100 rubles.
Banknotes
Soviet Revolution of 1905 and 1917 had a tremendous impact on the entire monetary system of the country.And how could it be otherwise, when completely changed the way of life of the whole country?At that time, the country's budget was completely unbalanced: the reputation of the Russian state at the world level has been discredited by the ongoing global changes in the state system.Within the country itself, too, things were no better way.The masses of the population thought that, at last, came their finest hour.They demanded to reduce working hours, raise wages, the size of various benefits, impose on the state the obligation to provide food factories.As a result, the new government was forced to use paper money not only to finance the huge military expenditure, but also as a source of covering the budget deficit.
The appeal was issued more than 9.5 bln. Rub.As early as November 1, 1917 the volume of paper money amounted to 19.5 billion. Rub., While the purchasing power of the ruble was little more than 8 kopecks.The interim government was forced to issue denominations of 250 and 1,000 rubles."Kerensky notes" as popularly called the bill formally denominated in gold rubles, in fact, had no collateral.They went to the country until the end of the Civil War.
With the advent of Soviet power in the country began construction of communism.And communism and money, as you know - two things are completely incompatible.But everyone understands that without them, the state simply can not exist.And the new government has found a way out: they released the "settlement marks."At its core, it was the same money, but "with a different sauce."
currency reforms of the twentieth century Soviet
during World War II monetary system of the country has been relatively stable, despite all the difficulties.This was achieved by the introduction of the card system and the establishment of fixed prices for goods.But the strong reduction of the mass of commodities will inevitably lead to the formation of handling large amounts of money to spare.In addition, the difficult postwar years, the country was flooded with counterfeit notes.This seriously complicates the process of economic recovery.Therefore, in 1947 it was decided to carry out currency reform, which resulted in 10 rubles the old model exchanged for 1 new ruble.
Another reform was carried out in the middle of the twentieth century.It is then entered into circulation "Khrushchev wrappers" or just "wrappers" as they called the bill in 1961.This name they got for their small size, comparable to the candy wrapper.The money lasted until the 90s, and ceased to exist together with the whole country, the symbol of which they are, inter alia, were.
Banknotes modern Russia
extremely difficult economic situation and high inflation of 1991-1993 led to the fact that it was decided to release the 50 and 100-ruble notes.But this led to further price spikes.Gradually, "wooden rubles", as popularly called banknotes of any specimen turned into paper in the truest sense of the word.Their purchasing power was falling like a rocket.
reforms undertaken in 1998, calls for strengthening of the ruble in 1000 once again.It was conducted more smoothly compared with the reforms '40s and' 60s.Firstly, there was no clear set of terms for which people should be exchanged are in the hands of cash.Second, the "old" and "new" bills had the same walk in the country throughout 1998.
Modern banknotes the Bank of Russia banknotes are produced using the most advanced technologies in the field of the protection of their authenticity.To avoid fakes Central Bank is constantly introducing new modifications of existing models, the protective functions are enhanced from time to time.
Today in circulation denominations of 10, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 rubles.
US Dollar - world currency
US dollar has long been recognized by international tender.It is firmly established among the world's reserve currencies.This is due to the fact that the United States canceled the last of their gold standard monetary unit.This happened only in 1971, while European countries have done it at the beginning of the twentieth century, during the Great Depression.
functions of central banks in the United States carries the Federal Reserve.That it has the right to issue banknotes and release cash into circulation.US dollar in circulation, has a nominal value of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100. There are also notes of 500, 1,000, 5,000 or even $ 10 000, but they are only used for internal calculations Fed and the US Treasury.
Interesting facts about the notes
Money goes back several centuries.During this time, I accumulated a lot of really interesting and amazing facts related to cash.Highlights of the bill of the world - what are they?
largest of denominations was released in Hungary in 1946.Its advantage - a billion billion (ie 1021).The diameter of the universe, by the way, is 1023 km.
largest by purchasing power bill has a circulation in the UK.Her face value of 1 million. Pounds.We know of the existence of these two bills.
The smallest denomination of banknote was in circulation in the USSR.This is a check for one penny, which was issued by the State Bank for internal calculations.
banknote - a form of existence of cash, without which the modern monetary system simply can not exist.Despite the development of cashless payments, to completely abandon paper money in the near future, we are unlikely to succeed.
