ship of this project could be the most popular in its class.They had planned to float in large quantities for our Navy.Fifty destroyers of the first rank - a pretty armada to complete the whole fleet.In addition, multi-purpose involves the use of them to solve a variety of tasks.Head Destroyer "Modern" (project 956) was founded in 1975, the last ship of the series was launched in late 1993.Of the planned fifty units into service of the Navy of the USSR and Russia received 17. Another four sailing under the Chinese flag.Two ships are conserved, two are in the process of modernization, two more - in the battle of the Northern Fleet, the rest written off.What is the reason for such a mass of metal cutting youngish, on naval concepts of units?
Why did the Soviet Union needed new destroyers
Reasons for refusal of a large number of ships of the project 956 to be sought in times long gone.It was in the mid-fifties, was a regrettable phenomenon called seamen "Khrushchev's defeat."Intoxication success of domestic rocket scientists led to a major strategic blunder.The probability of global conflict has decreased due to the warranty of mutual destruction, but that does not mean that eliminated the need for the regional presence of the Soviet Navy, and ensure that it is without the presence of large ships in the arsenal was extremely difficult.Actions squadrons that are on duty in the different sectors of remote oceans found it difficult (because of the small number of units, forming their "core" and causing resistance).Carriers in the USSR were not built because of their high cost, destroyers earlier projects (ave. 30.2 and 78) and cruiser (pr. 68), built under Stalin and "nedorezanny" Khrushchev, not only outdated, but also physically worn out.Fleet replenishment modern ships require large displacement, equipped with - on a par with rocket launchers - a powerful artillery.It is this thought newest destroyer project 956, which is an urgent need was fully understood after a large-scale exercise "Ocean", held in the spring of 1970.
What is the destroyer and why is it needed
destroyer - a concept more traditional than filled with real meaning.Of course, mine is not limited to arms, and the ship in its purpose corresponds most common in many navies of the world class frigates, which, in turn, have little in common with old sailing vessels.The destroyer project 956 "Buzzard" (that was the code) was intended for a wide range of combat missions that could prove to be too much for BOD (large anti-submarine ship), is the basis of the Soviet Navy in the late sixties.Officially, its main purpose was formulated as a fire support for landing, expressed in the suppression of small ground targets, ensuring air and missile defense units disembarking and destroying potential enemy boats.It is also planned to share with BOD (pr. 1155), which brings the effectiveness of such a pair to the combat capabilities of the most advanced at that time, the American frigate "Spryuens."On the basis of the objectives of the project and created the destroyer 956. The ship is expensive costing budget, it built on the basis of concrete defense doctrine, especially when it comes to large series.
appearance and aesthetics of propaganda value
believed that military equipment appearance is not as important as its functionality, but this is not true.On how looks impressive sample produced them often depends on the probability of the enemy the impression that in the absence of war, can play an important role in the development of the conflict, and possibly prevent it.Based on this premise, the project was created and the destroyer 956. The model photo that was presented to the Commander of the IMF Admiral SG Gorshkov in late 1971, was approved largely due to the terrible sight of the ship, its exterior and the sinister propaganda effect that could produceits silhouette after the appearance of the vessel in the oceans.The model, built in 1:50 scale, like the naval authorities, he is quite consistent with the foreign policy doctrine of the Soviet Union and demonstrated progress in Science and Technology second half of XX century.But, of course, it was not only in appearance - not as simple SG Gorshkov was to assess the overall impression destroyer ship project 956. Specifications were important and they were talking about a very seaworthy.
Innovation shipbuilding
Preliminary design specialist in the field of shipbuilding liked not only aesthetically.The main features of the external appearance of the ship became a flush housing, its sheer bow, successful placement of the main fire artillery weapons, air defense systems for the location of the sides (which provided excellent opportunities productions barrage) and high altitude radar antennas (for better viewing radar).Hull length limited by capacity of shipyards plant them.Zhdanov and should not exceed 146 meters and a width of 17 m. The development of a common ideology shipbuilding ship for the first time many of the technologies used.Shape the bow asking non sweep (up 7 points of excitement) counter wave, carried aboard a double fracture surface to reduce visibility.There were other characteristics that distinguish the destroyer project 956. Drawings decks are made in compliance with their horizontally, regardless of contours, which significantly improves the workability of installation.The body is divided into fifteen watertight compartments, bow "standoff" underwater part not only reduces drag, but also serves to contain the post of underwater acoustics (CIM-335MS, it is complex "Platinum).Rationally are elements of power hardening in areas of maximum stress.
power plant
The disadvantages of this series of ships known experts consider outdated power plant.For this was the reason.When choosing the type of turbine SG Gorshkov, preference is given boiler scheme, by rejecting the gas.This was done under the influence of the Minister of the USSR shipbuilding B. E. Booth, arguing their opinion large loading South turbine plant and the fact that the supply of fuel oil to establish a special period will be lighter than the diesel.As a result of Project 956 destroyer equipped with twin boiler and turbine installation of a total capacity of 100 thous. Liters.with.Today it is difficult to give a comprehensive assessment and to speak exclusively in favor of this decision or against him.The fact is that in the early 70s there was an ambitious project to create a revolutionary in the technological aspect ramjet KTU, if successful, promises to be unique, but it was not successful.Ultimately, we had to stop on normal older high-pressure boilers, tested and, in general, well, too.And another argument in their favor was in relatively cheap oil.World energy crisis touched and the USSR.
cannons
Underestimating in the past decade, the role of artillery in the naval theater of hostilities prompted the Bureau "Sevmash" arm destroyer "Modern" (Project 956) with two coupled units AK-130, equipped with multi-channel control systems, "Leo-218" (MP-184).Guidance trunks on the basis of information provided by the radar range finder (laser) and TV devices, and processed digital computer settings shooting.Submission of ammunition mechanized rate reaches 90 rds. / Min, range exceeding 24 km.By the power of artillery destroyer project exceeds 956 battleships during World War I, which had no weapons other than a gun.Weight delivered to the target shells (one minute), more than six tons.
antiaircraft artillery tools provide protection against complex targets (including cruise missiles) and are represented by two spaced pobortno 30mm AK-630M complexes.These settings include a six-barrel system with water cooling, controlled automation "Vympel".They are able to hit the high-speed objects at a distance of 4 km with a rate of 4 thousand. Rounds per minute.
Rockets
destroyer missile armament "Sarich" is designed to deal with air and sea targets.The complex "Uragan" (in later versions "Hurricane Tornado") is equipped with a single-girder launchers firing ZURami.In each of the two ammunition PU - 48 jet guided missiles."Hurricane" - a universal weapon, it is quite suitable for the destruction of surface ships of small tonnage (eg, missile or torpedo boats).Number of track and destroy objectives - up to six (when starting every 12 seconds).
Specialized antiship defense destroyer project 956 performs complex "Mosquito" ("Mosquito-M"), equipped with missiles ZM-82.Two installations, they are protected by the reservation, each containing four shells.Combat radius of the complex is 120 km (170 at the "Mosquito-M").Rocket supersonic (M = 3), the weight of explosive in warheads compartment - three hundredweight.All eight of the ZM-82 can be issued within half a minute volley command ship management system.
Terms of Service
«Sarich" compared favorably to many Navy ships improved conditions of habitability.The destroyer is equipped with a single installation of climate, providing a comfortable atmosphere when the outside temperature ranging from -25 ° C to +34 ° C.For the rest enlisted personnel serve 16 forecastles capacity of 10 to 25 people, while for each sailor has to an area of over 3 meters.Michmansky (four) and officer (single and double) cabins have an area of 10 square meters.m. Two spacious main cabin and three dining rooms are used to eating.On board there is everything necessary for life away from his native shores: a cinema, cable TV, library, internal radio, comfortable shower, sauna.In hot weather, on the orders of the commander of the ship can be built a swimming pool.
Inside there is a medical clinic unit, double insulator, hospital and operating room.
conditions of habitability and comfort on the Project 956 destroyers are not inferior to foreign standards, which affected the export potential of these ships.
Hard times
project was created solely for internal use and to the breakup of the USSR on the sale of ships of this type, even the speech was not.Fourteen destroyers were part of the Soviet Navy during the years 1976-1881, each of which was built in an average of four years.The ships arrived in the North (six) and the Pacific (eight) fleets took part in large-scale naval exercises, make long trips, and friendly visits to foreign ports.
the past Soviet era and immediately after the collapse of the USSR the situation changed.Sharply reduced state funding.The content of the warship is costly.For a decade they have written off a dozen, remained in the ranks of five destroyers of this type, and the rest was dismantled or mothballed.Ten years later (in 2011) was carrying military service in the Northern Fleet had only one destroyer project 956 "Admiral Ushakov"."Persistent" was the flagship of the Baltic Fleet, and "Fast" in the Pacific Ocean.Only three of the seventeen existing ship built.
By this time most of the weapons systems class "Sarich" obsolete.A planned modernization of the destroyers of the project 956 assumed retrofitting cruise missiles and new air defense systems and missile defense.Needed replacement and anti-torpedo defense.At the same handling characteristics destroyers were very good.The range of autonomous navigation of 4.5 thousand. Miles, high speed and powerful on-board artillery commanders urged the Navy to refrain from the complete withdrawal of ships out of service.
Modernization and export
Two unfinished ship, received the laying of the name of "important" and "thoughtful" and then renamed the "Yekaterinburg" and "Alexander Nevsky", at the turn of a thousand years were completed and sold in China.The project is in an export undergone changes and got the code 956 E. Names of Chinese ships - "Hangzhou" and "Fuzhou" they from 2000 to currently serving as part of the Eastern Fleet of People's Liberation Army of China.Modernization Project 956 destroyers series "E" (export) concerned only certain power plants and weapons systems.
more serious changes were made following two units designed for the Chinese navy.Project 956EM destroyer different modifications "E" size, extended-range anti-ship missiles "Mosquito-ME" (they take out targets in a radius of 200 km) and the new anti-aircraft missile and artillery units "Chestnut."Aft gun mounts replaced helicopter hangar.Under this project in 2005 and 2006, we built two destroyers ("Taizhou" and "Ningbo").
If the sale of the first two Chinese ships was due mainly difficult financial situation of the initial post-Soviet period, the contract for the supply of the following pairs can be called successful foreign trade operations.In the middle of the first decade of the new century it is already present on the system line of modernization of the Russian armed forces, including the navy.At the time, ships were designed more advanced than the destroyer project 956, which has a photo is associated with bygone eras.Massive superstructure and multiple antennas conform appearance fleets of last century.However, China has not lost and buying powerful and robust combat units, strengthen its navy.
