by the economic crisis the least affected areas with a high degree of integration and joint financial resources.In the market without internal frontiers in which free movement of goods, resources, capital, labor force, there is a favorable investment climate and more conditions for the formation of powerful manufacturers.In such circumstances, it increases the need for yet another financial structure - a regional bank.
Purpose
Regional development banks created with the participation of the state.They have clear areas of work complement the integration of the government's economic and social sphere, support foreign trade relations, providing loans to small and medium-sized businesses.For example, the assistance provided by the European Investment Bank in 2010, Hungary, Iceland, Greece, Latvia, has helped to stabilize the economic and financial situation of the countries.Regional development banks are making a significant contribution to mutual growth of member countries to help overcome the negative effects of financial crises.In such circumstances, the role of inter-state financial institutions.We consider in detail the stages of their cooperation.
history of
starting point can be called a period of economic recovery after World War II.In 1949 in Moscow the leaders of Hungary, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union agreed to establish the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).The goal - to provide financial, scientific and technical cooperation, to assist in the implementation of joint activities.In subsequent years, he was joined by the German Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Yugoslavia and Cuba.By the mid-70s CMEA maintains relations with more than thirty international institutions.
Achievements
still in its infancy relations organization was able to satisfy the need for allies in fuel, raw materials and machines work together to implement the construction of the largest oil pipeline "Druzhba", which was used for the transportation of raw materials in Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia.In the second half of the 60s it was created Intermetal Park wagons.Through CMEA coordinated clearing trade between the two countries, held binding economic plans, functioning mechanism of cooperation.
Hungary supplied the Allies buses, the GDR - the clothes, Poland - cosmetics, pharmacology, Czechoslovakia - electric, Cuba - sugar, Romania - Furniture.These goods were exchanged for cheap oil, gas, metal, mechanical engineering products, instrumentation, and defense industries.After the collapse of the Soviet Union, this structure also ceased to exist.But today operate other similar institutions.
Asian regional development bank
ADB was established in 1966 by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.The objectives of the organization:
- promote economic growth in Asia and the Far East;
- improving the status of women in society;
- ensure human resources of member countries.
Regional Bank for Reconstruction and Development in Asia provides:
- loans for the realization of economic and social projects;
- technical assistance in the preparation of programs;
- loans to public and private enterprises for development;
- assists in the coordination of plans and objectives.
Today the union has 56 member countries.The organizational structure consists of three levels of government:
- President;
- Board of Directors;
- leaders.
Financial Resources includes share capital, reserves, loans from special funds created for concessional lending.Regional Development Bank is active in all sectors of the economy.But more attention is paid to agriculture, capital markets, energy, transport and communications.
IDB
To assist in the development of Latin American countries in 1959 was created by the IDB.Direction of the organization:
- investment promotion in Latin America;
- directing all available resources to finance major economic projects;
- encourage investment;
- assist in the expansion of trade policy actors;
- provision of technical assistance in the implementation of plans.
IDB has more than 48 members.The organizational structure is as follows:
- Committee leaders;
- Board of Directors;
- administration;
- presidents;
- departments.
Financial resources include subscription, the reserve capital, trust funds concessional lending.Most of the assets on the paper is in the form of funds, which can be claimed, or warranties of interaction in the market.The Bank's operations cover all sectors of the economy, but more attention is paid to agriculture and fisheries, industry, social services, planning, reforms and investments.
addition IADB in Latin America functioning as the Inter-American Investment Corporation, CDB, the credit institution Central American economic integration.
domestic market
The Central Bank claim that between "health" and the size of the bank is no direct connection.Regional development banks also play an important role in the development of the state economy.They are faster and better to know the specifics of small and medium-sized businesses.Activities of the latter depends on the availability of credit in the field.According to statistics, companies that operate in the region with well-developed financial system, to increase turnover by 67% faster than the companies in the whole country.
In Russia, these institutions are not very popular with customers.Entrepreneurs in the Urals, Siberia and the Far East in general could not get the extra capital.They have to apply to large credit institutions.Regional development banks should be partners for such entrepreneurs.Close-credit institutions such clients are not very interesting.In state institutions decision-making process for the extradition of borrowed funds may be delayed for several months.It is better to apply to the regional development bank regions.Management agencies are more familiar with the specifics of the business.The probability of a positive decision above.
branch - not a bank
have large credit institutions, of course, has branches in remote regions of the country.But they are usually devoid of independence and perform only the technical work on the collection of documents.A decision is taken by the leadership in Moscow, which may not be aware of the specifics of the region and business.Large banks prefer to avoid difficult customers.And virtually all small businesses require an individual approach.Regional points are ready to delve into the features of business and may be an alternative in the field of banking services to small and medium-sized enterprises.
reduction
On June 1, 2014 in Russia operated 888 banks.This is significantly less than in Germany (1.8 thous.) And the US (more than 5.8 thousand.).The level of credit services in Russia - 0.6.That is, at least one person has a credit point in the country.In the US, the figure is 2, and in the EU - 1.8.Another problem or, more precisely, a feature of the time - all large organizations are public institutions.Sberbank, VTB (24), and Gazprom Rosselhoz serve more than 53.8% of the population.Over the last 5 years has increased dramatically the number of credit points in Moscow: from 15.4% to 22%.As a result, businesses that cater to organizations in the capital, are in a comfortable position compared to organizations in Siberia and the Far East.
Financing
Development Bank's regional network promotes economic growth in the area.This confirms the situation in Russia.In Siberia, there are 258 banks with branches in the East, and even less - 118. And this despite the fact that over the last 10 years, even as many have ceased to exist.No other area can boast such figures.Existing regional development banks are classified as small.They can not provide the necessary resources organization.As a result, the level of GDP in these regions is two times less than in Moscow.And individuals can provide only a small range of services.This is evidenced by the reviews.
Regional Development Bank estimated as the ratio of capital with a maximum amount of the loan.For example, in Russia there are 140 organizations that can give the client a loan of 1 billion rubles.Of these, 37 units are located in Moscow, 6 - in Siberia (Tyumen, Novosibirsk), and 3 - in the Far East.As a result, businesses are forced to distant districts to apply for loans to large capital structure or of the "Regional Development Bank".
Out of the situation
regional lending institutions should be developed.This can greatly contribute to the central bank, capitalized small organizations.You can also create a form of supervision that will assess the situation on the algorithm, different from that which is used for large structures.Now special measures to support small banks is not on the federal level, nor at the Central Bank.But if the local authorities pay attention to this issue, the amount of withdrawal of the license of banks in the region is much smaller.But even if there are and they are not accompanied by loud scandals, discussing issues in the media and subsequent panic.A similar situation occurred in 2013, when the license was deprived regional development banks.Customer deposits still not returned it.In just the past two years, the Central Bank revoked the licenses of 62 credit institutions.This statistic is alarming.If the situation does not change, then after 5 years the banking sector will be under the control of large state-owned financial institutions.
Conclusion
Economic and social development of the region depends on the ability of business to raise funds in a local bank.In total there are 888 Russian credit institutions.And they are scattered across the country is uneven.As a result, entrepreneurs in Siberia and the Far East can not use all the possible types of services of credit institutions.For help they have to go to a major metropolitan or regional development banks.Rating carried out in 2014 showed that the largest specialized agency in terms of equity (Russia, MDM, AK Bars) are concentrated in St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Kazan.
