International trade is the exchange of services and goods between different countries, which is associated with the general economic activity, as well as an intensification of the division of labor at the international level.Terms of international trade and its successful development - technological progress.
little history
This kind of trade originated in ancient times.For example, in formations that were based only on a subsistence economy, for international exchange stood only a small part of the products.In general, such goods comprise spices, luxuries, and certain types of mineral raw materials.
search for new terms of trade is a powerful stimulus for the development of its international type.Thus, the transition from subsistence farming to the type of commodity-money relations.During this period the nation states were created with the establishment of relations of production and within, and beyond.
International trade during the formation of the production
formation of a large industrial sector has helped overcome the high level of development of the productive forces at the international level.The search for new terms of trade led to the growth of production scale and improve the mechanisms of transport of various goods.
other words, began to create the preconditions for the expansion of trade and economic relations between different countries.Along with them, there was an urgent need to enhance international trade.
terms of international trade at the present stage can create the most advanced form of international economic relations.Its necessity is caused by such factors:
- formation of the world market as the historical background of capitalist production;
- uneven development of some branches in different countries;for example, finished goods industry, the fastest growing, which is not in demand in the domestic market may be exported beyond it;
- trend that emerged at the present stage of economic development, to the infinite expansion of production volumes, while the domestic market is limited to the solvency of the population;that is why the production transcends have only domestic demand, and business entities use the terms of trade to participate in a bitter struggle for foreign markets.
Thus, the interest of some states in international relations due to the need of product sales on the foreign market.Also in this case, it refers to the need for specific goods from other countries, which is associated with the desire to obtain a sufficiently high profits through the use of cheap labor and raw materials in developing countries.
foreign trade after World War II
terms of trade during this period contributed to its dynamic development.The prerequisites for such a state was, of course, the scientific and technological revolution, enabling the expansion and renewal of fixed capital through the creation of entirely new industries, as well as a radical technical reconstruction of obsolete facilities.
One of the most important factors of high rates of economic development in this period - it is government regulation to intensify the process of accumulation of capital in the first place, and to prevent the economic crisis.
search for new terms of trade became necessary due to the increased power of various industries.We began to appear are integral components of any industrial sector, such as forecasting and planning.
International trade in today's economic
Trade Development of international importance in a market economy is influenced by factors such as the withdrawal of capital, which stimulates growth.The export of capital in the course of business activities may result in the removal of certain goods outside of any state.Often it is associated with the delivery of the means of production for economic entities that are created abroad.
If recently financial investments were directed only to the underdeveloped state after World War II, the direction of the export of capital has changed.Now it can be moved between the industrialized countries, which contributes to their production and capital.
Types of subjects of international trade
terms of foreign trade contributed to the formation of two types of companies of international importance, which are companies in different countries.They accepted to: TNK (corporations) and the MNCs (multinational corporations).The first type includes companies that are both national in the capital, and international in the field of activity.The second type is represented by corporations, associations of internationalist basis, capital and industry.
These international companies have a significant influence on the foreign share.In this case, we are talking primarily about the Intra-corporate turnover, the share of these entities is almost a third of total world exports.
Development External Relations
expansion of foreign economic relations determines not only the search for new terms of trade, but also the import of certain goods from abroad.International trade in modern conditions plays an important role for the developing countries.This is due to the limited size of their domestic market.
Today is one of the most important factors in achieving high efficiency of production - is the direct inclusion of the state in the sphere of the division of labor at the international level.The development of trade in these conditions will contribute to increased efficiency in production.Thus it becomes possible to acquire outside of a state of food and raw materials, if their value is lower than the foreign market than the domestic.
If traced equal the cost of manufacturing products in different countries, the international trade in a market economy is necessary for production growth as well as to optimize its size.
The main types of commerce of international importance
believed that any business entity must have access to foreign markets.This ownership has absolutely no meaning for this type of activity.So how exactly does buying and selling play a key role in international relations, in the course of writing this article, you must consider these kinds of trade:
- Sale (purchase) of the finished product represented by the following commodities: machinery and equipment, instruments and devices, transport and communicationsas well as accessories.
- trade of parts (products unassembled).Exports of such products in the form of parts and assemblies used in the framework of international trade in order to overcome administrative and customs barriers, as well as to improve competitiveness.In these types of trade are set low tariffs that will facilitate the work of assembly plants outside of the exporting State.
Foreign trade, associated with the production
Trade in equipment reflects the needs of the world market of capital construction.In the exporting country there is an opportunity to expand their capabilities.
addition, can be sold and related services.In this short period of time the importing country receives the most modern equipment.
most complex form of trading - a "turnkey".This type can include contracting work:
- preparation of feasibility study of the object;
- development of project tasks, work and maintenance projects;
- delivery of construction materials;
- construction of administrative and industrial buildings;
- supply of various equipment, spare parts and tools;
- commissioning, installation and commissioning of equipment.
With regard to trade in raw materials, among the varieties it is necessary to distinguish the following types:
- agricultural raw materials;
- minerals;
- chemical products.
This type of trade, on the one hand, worsens the position of exporters of raw materials, due to the emergence of synthetic substitutes.On the other hand - improves their position in connection with the gradual growth of production in some countries.
Other forms of international trade
list of types of foreign economic activity would be incomplete without mention of the food trade, intellectual property and engineering services.
