The main methods of physiology.

know the peculiarities of the body, every part of it, the structure, to be able to explore and predict changes and pathology - it is an important task for the professionals in the medical field.There is a science that deals with the study of just such issues.It is called physiology.It is a science of the processes that accompany normal functioning of the body.There she was a long time ago, Hippocrates was first developed an interest in the functioning of living systems.Today, there are a variety of methods for the study of physiology, which helps to fully understand certain mechanisms and characteristics of the organism.

general notion of physiology

should start with the general concept.Physiology - the science about the life of a living being, its relationship with external environmental conditions and their impact on health and the proper functioning of organs and systems.In general, the main idea of ​​this science - to identify the underlying mechanisms of the existence of the living, to understand how his self-control, and all other processes.

object physiology is only a living organism, because it is so possible to identify all the people interested in the laws of its structure and functioning.Discipline objectives clearly seen in the definition.

Thus, the subject, objectives and methods of physiology - the three components of the theoretical foundations of science.Many scholars have at all times tried to grasp the essence of the body, including a human, changes.However, it is entirely possible that was only with the invention of modern instruments and devices, that is, the full development of science was only since the XX century.

This did not prevent her from becoming to be one of the leaders among the biological sciences.Physiology, anatomy and medicine - three closely interrelated disciplines that are the foundation for each other.Therefore, methods of anatomy and physiology in some cases similar.

Sections Physiology

itself, this science has several subsidiaries disciplines.Thus, isolated physiology:

• general;
• comparison;
• private.

General has been studying the processes of life in general.That is, considering the regularities of the reactions that are manifestations of life.For example, nutrition, respiration, excretion, regulation, change of sleep and wakefulness, and others.It also includes a section, as the physiology of the cell, which is engaged in a detailed study of all its vital manifestations.

Comparative physiology compares the life processes of the same or different species of organisms in the process of ontogenesis.As a result, also formed a whole branch - evolutionary physiology.

Private engaged in a narrow specific research.So, there are several options for the disciplines included in this group.

1. human physiology, methods of investigation which we will consider later.
2. Physiology separate groups of living organisms (insects, birds, mammals, reptiles, and so on).
3. individual organs and tissues.
4. systems of the body (physiology of digestion, circulation, respiration, etc.).

particularly extensive development in recent years received a human study in terms of the science.After his body is the most complex structure.Methods of human physiology are quite varied and effective, to identify all needed to understand the essence of things.Allocate:

• age physiology;
• power;
• labor;
• sports;
• space;
• pathological;
• clinical.

Aggregate data from these disciplines helps to embrace all the vast processes taking place inside a person, and to find access to management.

Research Methods in Physiology

whom there are few.There are historically, have been used in ancient times.Today established and new, based on the latest scientific achievements in the field of electronics, the study of electromagnetic radiation.

are the following methods of physiology.

1. Extirpation - one of the oldest ways to study.It is the removal of an organ from a living creature with a further observation of the reaction of the body, and fixing the results.
2. fistula method .Its basis - in the introduction into the bodies having a cavity tube of metal or plastic, and thus fixation of biological fluids.Obtained information about changes in the chemical nature of the substances, ie investigated the secretory function of the body.
3. method catheterization - the introduction of a thin tube into organs and vessels of special drugs that cause changes in the functioning.So we study the work of the heart, blood vessels, glands, external and internal secretion (not all).
4. method denervation. used to study the relationship between nerves and working bodies.It uses a method of stimulation with subsequent fixation results.
5. Methods of studying physiology, based on the use of tools and equipment. These include the implantation of organs and tissues of macro- and microelements, registration of nerve impulses, the impact of radiation readings of the heart and brain, and so on.

Some methods of research in physiology, we take a closer look on.They are the most frequently used and important.

Observation

Physiology These methods were used in ancient Egypt, Rome, China, in the Ancient East.Even then, there were researchers who are interested in the changes occurring in living organisms.For example, in Egypt, in the mummification of pharaohs and their families made autopsies and fixed changes in the internal environment.We evaluate such factors as:

• color and quality of biological fluids and mass;
• coloring bodies;
• color eye sclera;
• quality and color of phlegm;
• swelling of the skin, its turgor and structure.

These characteristics were compared with those of healthy people and draw conclusions.Maybe it was even set, in some cases the cause of death.

Today observation is not lost its relevance, especially when it comes to the psychophysiology.Human behavior, his emotions, temperament, external manifestation of tremor, sweating - all these features are specific to the study of the bells.They make clear the relationship of structure and external manifestations of various indicators of physiological functions, processes in the body.

doctrine of temperament was created scientist Pavlov was based on the study of the processes of excitation and inhibition, which outwardly manifests itself in different emotional coloring in the behavior and reactions to certain events, words, actions.He proved that the basis of choleric, sangvistichnogo, melancholic and phlegmatic symptoms are exactly the nerve processes associated with mental activity of the brain, its reactions.

These findings have been repeatedly reaffirmed by various scientists and psychologists, researchers.Therefore, these methods of human physiology as observation and experiment, which will be discussed further, and there were relevant, important and effective.

experiment

experimental methods for studying the physiology are fundamental and historically most ancient and popular.Indeed, how else to learn, if you do not see?Therefore, along with the observation carried out and various tests, mostly on animals.They gave almost perfect result in studies to obtain the most reliable data.

There are experimental methods for studying anatomy and physiology, reduced to two main groups.

1. Acute experiments. This method of research was used until the end of the XIX century until the Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov did not find another option.What was the essence of the intervention of the body?The experiment was carried out on a living animal body, which is tied to a specific machine.Then conducted vivisection to the right to study organ and thus recorded the observed results of its work.However, a number of significant shortcomings makes this method ineffective.Besides the fact that the part of morality is inhuman and cruel, because the animal was subjected to terrible tortures and tortured, very painful surgery, did not help even the anesthesia, so more and emotional suffering, physical pain experienced by the victim of the experiment, significantly distorted the results.It is a vicious circle.To get to the right organ, should cause suffering.They, in turn, distorted during normal physiological processes, and the result was not very effective.
2. chronic experiment. It is this method and suggested Paul.He himself was against acute experiments because of their extreme cruelty, perhaps this led him to the invention of a more humane option.Test organisms were also an animal.However, the procedure took place entirely different.Before the operation, the surgical nature of a qualitative anesthesia.Then the walls of the desired body implantable fistula - a tube of plastic or metal, which is sewn to the outside of the skin.After that, the animals were given time to recover, to heal the wound and formed a fully normalize the processes of life.Thus obtained through the fistula information during various processes in the investigated part of the body, while it was quite accurate, since the body function normally.Research can be conducted for a long time, without prejudice to animal health and in accordance with all the rules of natural existence.

Thus worked the basic methods of physiology, in some cases, relevant to the present day.Although, of course, the modern technical innovations gradually completely replace the intervention directly into the body from the person.It is now possible to obtain the necessary information in very different, less painful, more accurate and suitable for human ways.

Graphic registration

methods of human physiology based precisely on the use of certain equipment.Among these devices occupy an important place as follows.

1. ECG .The apparatus used for fixing the cardiac action potentials.As a result, the device comes out of paper drawn on an electrocardiogram, which a knowledgeable specialist doctor recovers and makes a conclusion about the state of health of the heart and circulatory system.Today this unit saved the lives of millions of people.For early detection of the problem - the key to successful treatment.
2. Microelectrodes .The smallest structures that can be implanted directly into the cell membrane and record action potential.Today it is one of the most important advances in electronics that deals with physiological studies of the human body.These electrodes can be introduced even in the human brain that allows us to observe and record the psychosomatic changes in health and functioning.
3. Radionuclide methods of physiology - used to obtain quantitative characteristics of physiological processes.
4. variety of sensors, which emit electromagnetic waves. back a response in the form of an electrical pulse is fixed by a special device - oscilloscope - and then transmitted to a computer for processing.There is already happening detailed treatment of information obtained and formed some conclusions.So it is possible to establish the chemical concentrations of various ions, the amount of pressure, temperature, motion, and other parameters).

Thus, modern methods of science of physiology based on the use of devices, are the most accurate, painless and informative of all the research we have discussed above.

chemical and biochemical methods

Methods of anatomy and physiology, not only similar.They are also connected with other sciences.So, there is a biological physiology, biochemistry, physiology and physical.These sciences study processes inside the body from his point of view, that is, with chemical, physical and biological.

So, with the help of these methods set the influence of a substance (neurotransmitter, hormone, enzyme) in the processes occurring in the body.Chemistry helps in determining the properties of the compound, physics reveals its thermodynamic parameters that may have an impact on the body.Physiology requires studying the impact not only on the specific process, but generally on the body, the body and a set of external conditions.Together, these sciences are united under the general title Biological Chemistry.

Methods Pathophysiology

subject and methods of physiology are closely related and interdependent on each other concepts.However, normal science that studies healthy living organism - that's not all.There is also the pathophysiology, or pathological, which investigates violation of the processes of life, their course, the effect on the body as a whole and each of its authority and so on.So this discipline comes its own set of ways in which it is possible to study identified problems.

What are the methods of physiology?

1. Modeling .Divided into two groups: on the living object of research and in vitro, that is, the artificial physical system.To create a model of the pathogenic process of using a computer or mathematical calculations on paper.It is also often used for this conventional logic findings and conclusions.The model is usually constructed on the basis of theoretical data for any subject.
2. Theoretical analysis. Based on the data obtained in laboratory studies material (living object) theory is constructed.It includes a tentative answers to the questions: "What's wrong with the patient? How is the disease process? What is its status and extent of the impact? What control measures are appropriate in this case to stop?"
3. clinical studies. binding method, which can not exist without the others.After all, there is the theoretical knowledge on the basis of the patient's clinic.To use this method, a number of related techniques:

• biochemical;
• chemicals;
• physical;
• histochemical;
• morphological;
• statistics and others.

only on the basis of material obtained by using all the methods, the doctor can make a diagnosis and prescribe treatment.

Plant Physiology is the science of life activity (functioning) of plant organisms.We are talking about all forms of life from single-celled to the highest, including algae.The tasks of Plant Physiologists are as follows:

• consider and identify the mechanisms of functioning of plants;
• create the theoretical basis of the possibility of photosynthesis in artificial conditions;
• build a model that reflects the essence of the methods of obtaining high yields of important crops.

Of course, the task is not easy.After the plants - these organisms in which every second, as well as in man, there are hundreds of biochemical reactions.Physiology should examine each of them.Plants breathe, eat, are in the process of photosynthesis, reproduce, grow and develop - this is normal kinds of life for all living beings.The study of all these processes - the task of physiologists.

solve the problem of photosynthesis in artificial conditions - it means to give people access to a huge potential source of power.After all, if the hunger in the world will disappear, the quality of life significantly improved.But this is completely not resolved the problem, although many questions in the photochemical aspects of the process have been resolved.