Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time in 1901.Since the beginning of the century the commission annually selects the best specialist, has made an important discovery or invention created to honor him with an honorary award.List of Nobel laureates is slightly higher than the number of years of the ceremony, as were sometimes marked by a combination of two or three people.However, some worth mentioning separately.
Igor Tamm
Russian physicist and Nobel laureate, born in Vladivostok in the family of a civil engineer.In 1901 the family moved to Ukraine, it is there Tamm graduated from high school, then went to study at Edinburgh.In 1918 he graduated the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University.
Then he began to teach, first in Simferopol, then in Odessa, and then in Moscow.In 1934 he was promoted to head of sector at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, Lebedev, where he worked until his death.Tamm studied electrodynamics of solids, as well as the optical properties of crystals.In his works, he first expressed the idea of quanta of sound waves.Relativistic mechanics in those days was extremely urgent, and Tamm was able to prove by experiment ideas, which have not been proven before.His discoveries were very significant.In 1958, work has been recognized on a global level: with colleagues Cherenkov and Frank, he received the Nobel Prize.
Otto Stern
worth noting another theorist, showed great skills and to experiment.German-American physicist and Nobel laureate, Otto Stern was born in February 1888 in Sora (now the Polish city of Dawn).Stern graduated from the School in Breslau and then spent several years in the natural sciences at German universities.In 1912 he defended his doctoral dissertation, the head of his postgraduate work was Einstein.
During World Otto Stern was drafted into the army, but there continued theoretical research in the field of quantum theory.From 1914 to 1921 he worked at the University of Frankfurt, where he studied experimental confirmation of the molecular motion.It was then that he was able to develop a method of atomic beams, the so-called Stern experience.In 1923 he was appointed professor of the University of Hamburg.In 1933, he spoke out against anti-Semitism and was forced to move from Germany to the United States, where he received citizenship.In 1943 he joined the list of winners of the Nobel Prize for a significant contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and the discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton.Since 1945 - Member of the National Academy of Sciences.Since 1946, he lived in Berkeley, where he ended his days in 1969.
O. Chamberlain
American physicist Owen Chamberlain was born on July 10, 1920 in San Francisco.Together with Emilio Segre, he worked in the field of quantum physics.Colleagues have achieved considerable success and make a discovery: they found antiprotons.In 1959 they were seen at the international level, and were awarded as the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics.Since 1960, Chamberlain was admitted to the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.He worked at Harvard University as a professor, ended his days at Berkeley in February 2006.
Niels Bohr
few Nobel Prize winners in physics as well known as the Danish scientist.In a sense it can be called the founder of modern science.In addition, the Niels Bohr Institute for Theoretical Physics, founded in Copenhagen.He belongs to the theory of the atom based on the planetary model, and postulates.He created the most important works on the theory of atomic nuclei and nuclear reactions on the philosophy of science.Despite the interest in the structure of the particles, opposed their use for military purposes.The education of future physicists received in grammar school, where he became famous as an avid football player.The reputation of a gifted researcher was twenty-three years after graduating from the University of Copenhagen.His graduation project was awarded a gold medal.Niels Bohr proposed to determine the surface tension of water on the vibrations of the jet.From 1908 to 1911 he worked in the home university.He then moved to England, where he worked with Joseph John Thomson, and then with Ernest Rutherford.It held its most important experiences that led him to receive the award in 1922.After that, he returned to Copenhagen, where he lived until his death in 1962.
Lev Landau
Soviet physicist and Nobel laureate, born in 1908.Landau created a stunning work in many areas: he studied magnetism, superconductivity, atomic nucleus, elementary particles, electrodynamics and more.Together with Evgeny Lifshitz established the classic course of theoretical physics.His biography is interesting unusually rapid development: in thirteen years, Landau went to university.For a time he studied chemistry, but later decided to study physics.Since 1927, he was a graduate student at the Leningrad Institute of Ioffe.Contemporaries remembered him as an enthusiastic, sharp man, prone to critical estimates.The strict discipline allowed Landau to succeed.He worked on so many formulas that have seen them even at night during sleep.Strongly influenced him and research trips abroad.Particularly important was the visit to the Institute for Theoretical Physics, Niels Bohr, when the scientist was able to discuss issues of interest to him at the highest level.Landau considered himself a disciple of the famous Dane.
In the late thirties scientist faced with Stalin's repression.Physics had a chance to escape from Kharkov, where he lived with his family.It did not help, and in 1938 he was arrested.Leading scientists of the world have turned to Stalin, and in 1939, Landau was released.After this many years, he was engaged in scientific work.In 1962, he was enrolled in the Nobel Prize in Physics.The Committee chose him for his innovative approach to the study of condensed matter, especially liquid helium.In the same year suffered a tragic accident, collided with a truck.After that, he lived for six years.Russian physicists, Nobel Prize winners seldom achieved such recognition, which was Lev Landau.Despite the difficult fate, he embodied all of your dreams and made a completely new approach to science.
Max Born
German physicist and Nobel laureate, theorist and founder of quantum mechanics was born in 1882.The future author of important works on the theory of relativity, electrodynamics, philosophical questions, the kinetics of the liquid, and many other works in Britain and at home.The first training was in high school with a language bias.After school he entered the University of Breslau.In the process of learning attended lectures by famous mathematicians of the time - Felix Klein, David Hilbert and Hermann Minkowski.In 1912, he received a place in Göttingen assistant professor, and in 1914 went to Berlin.Since 1919, he worked in Frankfurt as professor.Among his colleagues was Otto Stern, a future Nobel Prize winner, which we have already been told.In his works, Bourne described the solids and the quantum theory.He came to the need for special interpretation of the wave-particle nature of matter.He proved that the laws of physics can be called statistical microcosm and that the wave function must be interpreted as a complex quantity.After coming to power of the Nazis moved to Cambridge.He returned to Germany only in 1953, and received the Nobel Prize in 1954.He will forever remain in the history of physics as one of the most influential theorists of the twentieth century.
Enrico Fermi
Not many Nobel Prize winners in physics were from Italy.However, there is born Enrico Fermi, the most important specialist of the twentieth century.He became the founder of nuclear and neutron physics, founded several scientific schools and was a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.In addition, Fermi owns a large amount of theoretical work in the field of elementary particles.In 1938, he moved to the United States, where he discovered artificial radioactivity, and built the first in the history of mankind a nuclear reactor.In the same year he won the Nobel Prize.Interestingly, Fermi featured a phenomenal memory, thanks to which he was not only an incredibly capable physicist, but also quickly learned foreign languages with the help of self-study, which came in a disciplined, according to its own system.Such ability to highlight it even at the university.
Immediately after training, he began to lecture on quantum theory, which at that time in Italy is almost not studied.His first research in electrodynamics also deserve attention.On the way to the success of the Fermi worth mentioning Professor Mario Corbineau who appreciate the talent of the scientist and became his patron at the University of Rome, providing youth a wonderful career.After moving to the United States he worked in Las Alamos and Chicago, where he died in 1954.
Erwin Schrödinger
Austrian theoretical physicist who was born in 1887 in Vienna, the son of a factory owner.A wealthy father was vice president of the local botanical and zoological society from an early age instilled in his son an interest in science.Up to eleven Erwin studied at home, and in 1898 he entered the academic school.Brilliantly graduating, he entered the University of Vienna.Although the chosen specialty was physical, and human Schrodinger showed talent, he knew six foreign languages, wrote poetry and versed in the literature.Achievements in the exact sciences were inspired by Fritz Gazenrolem, talented teacher Erwin.It was he who helped the students understand that physics is his main interest.For his doctoral thesis Schrödinger chose the experimental work, which he was able to brilliantly defend.Work began at the university, during which scientists are engaged in atmospheric electricity, optics, acoustics, color theory and quantum physics.Already in 1914 it approved a lecturer, which allowed him to lecture.After the war, in 1918, he began working in Jena Physics Institute, where he worked with Max Planck and Einstein.In 1921 he began teaching at Stuttgart, but after one semester he moved to Breslau.After some time, I received an invitation from the Polytechnic School in Zurich.In the period from 1925 to 1926, he performed several revolutionary experiments, published a paper called "quantization as a problem of their own values."It provides an important equation for the current and modern science.In 1933 he received the Nobel Prize, and then was forced to leave the country: the Nazis came to power.After the war he returned to Austria, where he lived all his remaining years and died in 1961 in his native Vienna.
Wilhelm Röntgen
famous German experimental physicist who was born in Lennep, that near Düsseldorf, in 1845.After studying at the Zurich Polytechnic, he had planned to become an engineer, but he knew that he was interested in theoretical physics.He became an assistant in the department of home university, then moved to Giessen.From 1871 to 1873 he worked in Würzburg.In 1895, he discovered X-rays and carefully studied their properties.He was the author of important works on the pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of crystals and magnetism.The world's first Nobel Prize winner in physics, received it in 1901 for his outstanding contribution to science.In addition, it has worked in the school Roentgen Kundt, becoming a sort of the founder of a scientific course, working with his contemporaries - Helmholtz Kirhgofomom Lorenzo.Despite the glory of a successful experimenter conducted fairly secluded life and talked exclusively with assistants.Therefore, the impact of his ideas on the physics that were not his disciples, was not too significant.The modest scientist refused to name-rays in his honor, a lifetime calling them X-rays.His income, he gave the government and lived in very straitened circumstances.Wilhelm Roentgen died on February 10, 1923 in Munich.
Albert Einstein
world-famous physicist born in Germany.He became the creator of the theory of relativity and wrote important works on quantum theory, was a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.Since 1893 he lived in Switzerland, and in 1933 moved to the United States.That Einstein introduced the concept of the photon, established laws of the photoelectric effect and predicted the discovery of stimulated emission.He developed the theory of Brownian motion and fluctuations, as well as created a quantum statistics.He worked on the problems of cosmology.In 1921 he received the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the laws of the photoelectric effect.In addition, Albert Einstein is one of the main initiators of the founding of the State of Israel.In the thirties, he spoke out against Nazi Germany and tried to keep politicians from reckless action.His opinion about the nuclear problem was not heard, that the tragedy of life was the main scientist.In 1955, he died in Princeton on the aortic aneurysm.
