is the kind of high-quality anthracite coal fossil.It is characterized by a high level of metamorphism (extent and structure of the mineral solid phase change).
As with other types of minerals, anthracite - coal is formed over the millennia, from plants that were without oxygen under layers of soil.For a significant period of time it was subject to the processes of humification and coalification.This was the formation of said substance.Carbon got its name from the words of the international carbon - carbon.It is known fact.Anthracite is the highest quality sea coal.It is also called a carbuncle.
Features anthracite
In this case, there are several options.Namely, the presence of:
- rich black or black and gray;
- high gloss;
- high calorific capacity;
- large electrical conductivity;
- high hardness and density.
Features of formation of fossil
you take into account the multiple processes.Anthracite is formed in a certain order.Peat is first formed, and then the brown coal type.Further, under certain influences this fossil into another substance.Namely, in the coal and anthracite.In the latter case, this transition link to graphite.
Himalayan anthracite (coal) at a depth of about 6 km.The places where these resources are often self-image, characterized by a kind of shifts of the crust.Basically it spurs.
The largest deposits of anthracite coal basin located in the territory of the Donetsk region.
Anthracite Coal: Product Feature
In this case, there are many specific nuances.Anthracite (from the Greek. Anthrakitis) - humus is fossil coal.It has a higher degree of metamorphism.When viewed under a microscope shows that the plant remains hardly differ.Anthracite - coal having a black color, often with a grayish tinge.Sometimes found in his color and mottled discolouration.It gives it a velvety black line on a porcelain plate.Also, anthracite (coal) is characterized by a strong metallic luster.He has a high viscosity, not baked, has a good electrical conductivity.The highest hardness Mohs scale - 2.0-2.5, density of the mass of organic - 1500-1700 kg / m3.The heat of combustion - 33,9-34,8 MJ / kg (8100-8350 kcal / kg).It has a small analytical moisture - 1-3% and contains goryucheobraznoy weight to 9% of a volatile-type substance, 93,5-97,0% carbon, 1-3% hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen 1.5-2.0%.It is a definite fact.This fossil, which contains carbon in the fuel mass greater than 97% is called superantratsitom.By volume yield of volatile substances is divided into the product for two industrial brands.Namely, the presence of 220-330 l / kg - poluantratsity it, and with the presence of the volumetric output of less than 220 l / kg - anthracite.
advantage of this fossil
This product is the high-quality view of the coal produced.It differs significantly from other types because it has the following parameters:
- high content of fixed carbon.In this case it is 94-99%.
- low sulfur content.
- high specific heat of combustion.
- low moisture content.
- burns without smoke and flames.
- quick blows.
- high density of organic mass.In this case, 1500-1700 kilograms per square meter.
- The share of anthracite coal - 1.5-1.7.
- high electrical conductivity.
addition anthracite coal whose photo provided herein are not sintered during combustion.Its hardness on the Mohs scale level - 2.0-2.5.Another significant advantage is that in the air during combustion of the anthracite is allocated to only 5% volatiles.
In this type of fossil calorific quality superior to any other coal, namely 8,200 kilocalories per kilogram.By comparison, the calorific value of gas - 7000 kcal / kg.
What types subdivide this fossil
Coal Anthracite is a high-carbon product.This was described above.This and several other characteristics play a role in determining its field of use.According to the size classes klassifitsirutsya a fossil, coal, anthracite (GOST 19242-73).Separation is carried out by size fractions of the product.Namely:
- «AKO" - anthracite fist nut.In this case, consider the fraction having a size of 26-100 mm.
- «AA» - anthracite coal large fist.This includes the fraction size of 50-100 mm.
- «JSC" - grade coal, anthracite walnut.Size fractions of 26-50 mm.
- «AM" is a fine anthracite.In this case, consider the fraction - 13-25 mm.
- «AS» - grade coal, anthracite seed.These include the fraction having a size of 6-13 mm.
- «Ashlam" - anthracite slurry.It is a kind of product of coal washing.
- «AL" - anthracite rubble.In this case the fraction is less than 6 mm.
Implementation of anthracite mining is done in their respective mines.They have a depth of 1,500 meters. Then coal from mines goes to the enterprise for the processing.It made its enrichment and sorting fractions.Thereafter coal in bags (anthracite) is supplied to different users.
Implementation of this material is in the form of a member (AR), and concentrated in the rich.Fossils under the brands "AM" and "ACO" in properties are identical.Although the resistivity of fine coal type is higher.
Application anthracite
This product is quite popular.Anthracite - the most dense form of coal.This allows him to occupy the first position in the class of heat transfer and combustion time.If you are purchasing for heating anthracite (coal), you'll need it a lot less to heat the same area than if you use a similar product or another type of wood.Despite all the advantages of this fossil, his present and cons.With a large density, it can flare up not in all types of boilers and furnaces.It is important to know.For good combustion anthracite need a good supply of air.Basically, modern forms of solid fuel boilers it is forced.To lower the density of species of coal include: caking and long-flame coal.
Anthracite, due to its calorific qualities superior to other counterparts.This setting is 8200 kcal / kg.For example, natural gas type - 7000 kcal / kg.Anthracite - coal, which is the hardest of all of its peers.It volatiles during combustion is allocated to only 5%.Anthracite is used in various spheres of human activity.Namely, in the production of industrial type (chemistry, metallurgy, sugar industry, etc), in the municipal area (heating of water, heating, etc.).Also it is used for heating private households.More of this fossil produce filtrants which are used for wastewater treatment, water and so on.
Anthracite in the power
In this area, the use of this product is also significant.Screenings of anthracite, which the high ash content of 0-13 class, is widely used as a fuel for power generation.In this industry, this fossil is used because of the low volatile content.In power for combustion of anthracite special equipment.
pulverized combustion of the product also requires special design of the furnace.Their configuration is quite distinctive.It should provide complete combustion of fossils in the time when it is in a special area of combustion.
Coal with fines, as well as a low content of sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus used in special kettles that are designed for this.Another said product is used in small furnaces of cement type.
Anthracite metallurgy
In this area, this fossil has also found its application.Anthracite is used in metallurgy to sinter the iron and limestone.Domain electrosteel and processes are not properly allow you to control the number of harmful emissions into the atmosphere.Therefore, the use of this high-quality fuel by default allows you to make more eco-friendly metallurgical processes.
addition, this fossil of small type is used in the production of high-carbon steel type secondary carburization.In blast furnaces, the system having a PCI (pulverized fuel injection) may also be used anthracite.Here the main indicator is the moisture of coal, which is supplied.
In this case, said fuel can be injected into the blast furnace culm.This technology is used very well the countries of Western Europe and in Asia - China, Japan, Korea.In Russia and Ukraine, this method is gaining in popularity.
In the iron and steel industry coal is also used as a reducing metal.
Anthracite - sorbents
It is still one of the most promising directions in the use of this resource.Use anthracite possible to clean drinking water and waste water.In this case, it acts as a filter and can be easily replaced by an activated charcoal.This is a significant factor.
alternative raw materials of high
coal market is traditionally divided into two segments.Below them is meant energy and the production of coke.Price trends for the products depending on the segment and other factors.And often they are different.
Anthracite is a unique product, to successfully present in two segments.Besides, he still held a significant place in the market for specialized industrial use.Price dynamics for similar goods in different segments may be different, that is, in this respect, there is a redistribution.For example, if the value of one segment falls on anthracite, then another, it usually increases.
Anthracite successfully compete with graphite, charcoal, petroleum coke.The amplitude of their prices as a result of this will depend on the cost for electricity, metal products and so on.It is important to remember.In addition, the price of anthracite will affect what the condition of the world economy.However, over the last decade is noticeable the constant dynamics of its growth.
Conclusion As a result of the above, we can say that Anthracite Coal is the most abundant in the world view of the mineral.It has high quality output of pure energy in generating electricity and heat with a high temperature production processes.It used it in the industry for the production of chemicals and relatively inexpensive.With modern science and technology can not be completely replaced in the anthracite industry.It is a significant fact.Therefore, in the near future will be a continuation of the intensive mining of anthracite and bituminous coal.
