many oil-producing countries to develop their economies through the implementation of a basic resource.But the dynamic growth rates would not be possible if developing nations are not united.
Group's oil producing countries
Before finding out what are the organizations that regulate the production of crude oil and the conditions of its implementation, it is necessary to understand what state they contain.Thus, the main oil exporters are countries where it is mined.In this state, which are world leaders, produce more than a billion barrels each year.
specialists, all countries are divided into several groups:
- OPEC;
- the United States and Canada;
- North Sea countries;
- other large states.
world leadership belongs to the first group.
History OPEC
international organization that brings together the major exporters of oil, often referred to by the cartel.It was created by several countries in order to stabilize the price of the main raw materials.This organization is called the OPEC (Eng. OPEC - The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries).
main oil-exporting countries that belonged to the developing countries united in 1960.There has been this historic event at the September conference in Baghdad.The initiative was supported by five countries: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait and Venezuela.It happened after the seven largest multinational companies engaged in oil production, which is also called the "Seven Sisters", unilaterally reduced the purchase price of oil.After all, depending on the cost they had to pay rent for the right to develop deposits and taxes.
But the new independent states would control the production of oil in its territory and to monitor the exploitation of resources.And given the fact that in 1960 an offer of raw materials exceeded the demand, one of the goals of OPEC was to prevent further decline in prices.
Started
After the creation of an international organization of oil exporting countries began to join her.Thus, during 1960 the number of countries included in OPEC, has doubled.Joined the organization, Indonesia, Qatar, Libya, Algeria, the United Arab Emirates.At the same time it adopted a declaration enshrining the oil policy.It said that the countries have the right to exercise permanent control over their resources and ensure that they are used for the benefit of their development.
major oil exporters in the world in 1970, completely took control of the production of a combustible liquid.That the activities of OPEC became dependent prices charged on raw resource.During this period, joined the organization, and other oil-exporting countries.The list has grown to include 13 members: it also includes Ecuador, Nigeria and Gabon.
necessary reforms
rather difficult period was the 1980s.After all, at the beginning of the decade, prices have increased unprecedentedly.But by 1986 they were down, set the price of about 10 dollars per barrel.This was a significant blow, hit all oil-exporting countries.OPEC managed to stabilize the cost of raw materials.At the same time, the dialogue has been established with countries that do not belong to this organization.There have also been set oil production quotas for OPEC members.The cartel was agreed pricing mechanism.
significance of OPEC
To understand the trends in the global oil market, it is important to know how to change OPEC's influence on the situation.Thus, in the early 1970s member countries monitored, only 2% of the national production of this raw material.Already in 1973, the State made sure that under their control was transferred 20% of oil production, and by 1980 was the year it is subject to more than 86% of the total production of the resource.In view of this oil-exporting countries, which were included in the OPEC became an independent determining force in the market.Transnational corporations by that time had lost their strength because of the state as far as possible all the nationalized oil industry.
General trends
But not all oil-exporting countries were part of the specialized international organizations.For example, in 1990 the Government of Gabon has decided to withdraw from the OPEC, in the same period in Ecuador temporarily suspended participation in the affairs of the company (from 1992 to 2007).Russia, which holds a leading position in terms of production of this resource, in 1998, became an observer in the cartel.
Currently, OPEC members in total carry 40% of world oil production.At the same time they own 80% of the proved reserves of this raw material.The organization can change the required level of oil production in the participating countries by increasing or decreasing it on your own.At the same time the majority of states involved in the development of deposits of this resource, working at full capacity.
main exporters
OPEC members are now 12 countries.Some states involved in developing the raw material base, working independently.For example, these are the major oil exporters such as Russia and the United States.They are not covered by OPEC's influence, his organization does not dictate the terms of production and sales of raw materials.But they have reconciled with the global trends that define the member countries of the cartel.At the moment, Russia and the United States occupy a leading position in the world market, along with Saudi Arabia.In terms of production of combustible fluid to each state accounts for more than 10%.
But that's not all the major oil-exporting countries.List of the top ten also includes China, Canada, Iran, Iraq, Mexico, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates.
Now more than 100 different countries have deposits of oil, they are being developed fields.But the volume of harvests, of course, incomparably small compared with those held by the major oil-exporting countries.
Other organizations
OPEC is the most important association of oil-producing states, but not the only one.For example, in 1970, it was organized by the International Energy Agency.Its members immediately began to 26 countries.The IEA does not regulate the activities of exporters and major importers of raw materials.The purpose of this agency is to develop mechanisms of cooperation that are needed in crisis situations.Thus, it developed its strategy allowed a few to reduce OPEC's influence on the market.The main recommendations of the IEA concluded that to create the country's oil reserves, develops optimal routes from raw material to the case of the embargo and take other necessary arrangements.This contributed to the fact that market conditions dictate can now not only the largest oil exporters.
