judgment - is one of the main forms of human thinking, which is an integral part of all knowledge.Especially if the process is associated with reflections, conclusions and evidence building.In the logic of the judgment and define the word "sentence".

judgment as a concept

With only some concepts and ideas without the possibility of connection or communication would people come to know something?The answer is simple: no.Knowledge is possible only in cases when it has to do with the truth or falsity.A question of truth and falsehood only occurs if there is any connection between the concepts.The union between the two is established only at the moment of judgment about anything.For example, saying the word "cat", which does not carry any truth or falsity, we are referring only to the concept.The statement "the cat has four legs" - this is the statement is either true or not and having affirmative or negative assessment.For example: "All the trees green";"Some birds do not fly";"No one dolphin - not a fish";"Some plants are not edible."

Building judgment creates a framework that is considered valid.This allows you to move in to the contemplation of truth.The judgment allows to reflect the connection between the phenomena and objects or between the properties and signs.For example: "Water expands when it freezes," - a phrase expresses the relationship of the volume of material and temperature.This allows you to set the ratio between the different concepts.The judgments include approval or denial of the connection between the events, objects, phenomena.For example, when they say: "The car goes along the house" - is meant certain spatial relationship between two objects (car and home).

judgments - a thought-form having a approval or denial of the existence of objects (concepts), and the relationship between objects or concepts, objects and their attributes.

linguistic form judgments

Just as there is no concept of words or phrases, or statements is not possible proposals.At the same time, not every proposal is a judgment.Any statement in the language is expressed in a narrative form, bearing a message about anything.Proposals that do not have the denial or approval (question and incentive), that is, those that can not be described as true or false, are not judgments.Statements that describe possible future events, and can not be assessed as carrying a lie or the truth.

Yet there are suggestions that the form looks like a question or exclamation.But the meaning they affirm or deny.They are called rhetorical.For example: "What Russian does not like to drive fast?" - A rhetorical interrogative sentence, which is based on a specific opinion.The judgment in this case contains a statement that any Russian loves to drive fast.The same applies to the exclamatory sentences: "Try to find snow in June!" In this case, the idea is approved by the impossibility of the proposed action.This design is also saying.Similar offers judgments can be simple or complex.

structure judgments

simple statement does not have a certain part, which can be recovered.It is part of an even more simple structural components called concepts.From the perspective of the semantic unit easy judgment is an independent element having a value of truth.

Saying binding object and its feature includes first and second term.Proposals of this type include:

• words reflecting the subject of judgment - a subject denoting the Latin letter S.
• predicate - reflects the feature of an object, it represent the letter R.
• Bunch - a word, designed to combine the two concepts together ("There," "a," "is not" is not ").In the Russian language and you can use dashes.

  «These animals - predators" - a simple proposition.

Types judgments

Simple statements are classified according to:

• quality;
• quantity (by volume of the subject);
• content of the predicate;
• modality.

judgments on the quality of

One of the main important characteristics is the logical quality.The essence of this case is the ability to reveal the presence or absence of certain relationships between concepts.

Depending on the quality of such bundles are two forms of judgment:

• affirmative.Disclose the existence of some connection between the subject and predicate.The general formula for such a statement has the form: «S is P".Example: "The sun is a star."
• negative.Accordingly, it reflects the lack of any connection between the concepts of (S and P).The formula of the negative judgments - is «S is not P".For example: "The birds are not mammals."

This division is rather conditional, since any assertion in a hidden form contains negative.And vice versa.For example, the phrase "a sea" means that the subject - no river, lake and so no further.And if "it is not the sea," that, accordingly, something else may be the ocean or bay.That's why one statement can be expressed in the form of another, and corresponds to a double negative statement.

Species affirmative judgment

If the particle "no" is not in front of a bunch, and is part of the predicate, such statements referred to in the affirmative: "The decision was wrong."There are two varieties:

• positive properties when «S is P", "dog home."
• negative character as «S is not-P": "Soup is stale."

Species negative judgments

Similarly, among the negative statements are distinguished:

• positive predicate formula «S is not P" "Olga did not eat the apple";
• negative predicate formula «S does not have a non-P": "Olga can not go."

importance of negative judgments is their participation in order to achieve the truth.They reflect the objective absence of something from something.No wonder they say that a negative result is too result.The establishment of what is not a thing, and what qualities does not have, is also important in the process of reflection.

Judgments by the number

Another characteristic of the knowledge-based logical volume of the subject, is the number.There are the following types:

• Unit containing information about a single subject.Formula: «S is (is not) P".
• Private - those who are part of the judgment on the subject of a separate class.Depending on the certainty that often differ: definite ("Only some S is (is not) P") and vague ("Some S is (is not) P").
• General contain allegations or denial of each object of this class ("All S is P" or "No S is not P").

United judgment

Many statements have both qualitative and quantitative characteristics.For them, apply unified classification.This gives four kinds of judgments:

• universal affirmative: "All S is P".
• universal negative: "No S is not P".
• to the often "Some S is P".
• Chastnootritsatelnoe "Some S is not P".

Variety judgments on the content of the predicate

Depending on the semantic meaning of the predicate isolated statements:

• property or attribute;
• relations or-relative;
• existence or existential.

simple proposition, revealing a direct link between the object of thought, regardless of its content, are called attributive, or categorical.For example: "Nobody has the right to take the life of another."The logic circuit attributive utterance: «S is (or is not) P" (subject, copula, predicate, respectively).

relativity of judgment - a statement in which the predicate expresses the presence or absence of communication (relations) between two or more subjects in different categories (time, place, causal relationship).For example: "Peter came before Vasya."

If the predicate indicates the absence or presence of the relationship between objects and the object of thought, such a statement is called existential.Here, the predicate expressed by the words: "Yes / No", "was / was not" "exist / do not exist" and so on.Example: "No smoke without fire."

modality judgments

addition to the total, the statement may carry extra meaning.With the words "may", "negligible", "important" and others, as well as the corresponding negatives "are not allowed", "impossible", and others expressed modality of judgment.

There are some kinds of modalities:

• alethic (true) modality.It expresses the connection between objects of thought.Modal words "may", "accident", "necessary" and their synonyms.
• Deontic (normative) modality.It refers to the standards of conduct.The words "shall be prohibited", "necessarily", "allowed", "allowed", and so on.
• epistemic (cognitive) modality characterizes the degree of reliability ("proven", "refuted", "doubtful" and their analogues).
• Aksiologichesky (of values) modality.It reflects a person's attitude to any values.Modal words "bad", "indifferent", "Low", "good."

expression with the content of the statements by the approval modality is usually associated with emotional state is defined as a value judgment.For example: "Unfortunately, the rain comes."In this case it reflects a subjective attitude of the speaker to the fact that the rain comes.

structure of complex statements

complex judgments consist of simple, interconnected logical unions.These bundles are used as a link that can combine with each other offer.In addition to the binding logic that in the Russian language has a form unions, still used quantifiers.They come in two forms:

• universal quantifier - it is the word "all", "every", "no," "just," and so on.Offers in this case as follows: "All objects have certain properties."
• quantifier of existence - is the word "some", "many", "a little", the "majority" and so on.The formula of a complex sentence in this case: "There are some objects that have certain properties."

examples of complex judgments: "Early in the morning the cock crowed, he woke me up, so I do not get enough sleep."

ability to judgment

ability to build sayings comes to a man with age, gradually.Approximately three years to have a child can utter simple sentences that state the anything.Understanding the logical links, grammatical unions is a necessary and sufficient condition for a correct judgment on a particular occasion.In the development of a person learns to synthesize information.This allows him, based on the simple proposition, build complex.