Nobel Prize is the most prestigious scientific award in the world.Her dream of getting scientists from different fields.Know about the latest achievements of humanity, marked by this award, worth every educated person.As she appeared in some areas of science it can be obtained?
What is it?
The annual award is named in honor of the Swedish engineer, industrialist and inventor.Alfred Bernhard Nobel was its founder.In addition, he owns a fund from which the money allocated for.The history of the Nobel Prize started in the twentieth century.Since 1901, a special committee determines the winners in categories such as physics, medicine and physiology, chemistry, literature and the defense of peace.In 1969 it was added to the list of the new science.Since then, the Commission also notes the best specialists in the sphere of economy.Perhaps in the future there will be new categories, but for the moment the discussion of such an event is not conducted.
As a reward there?
history of the Nobel Prize is very interesting.It is associated with very dark incident in the life of its founder.As is known, Alfred Nobel was the inventor of dynamite.When in 1889 his brother Ludwig died, a newspaper reporter confused and pointed in his obituary of Alfred.The text called him a merchant of death.Alfred Nobel was horrified at the prospect to remain in the memory of mankind in such a capacity.He began to think about what you can leave behind, and composed a special testament.With it, he hoped to remedy the situation with dynamite.
Alfred Nobel
Remarkable text was conceived and signed in 1895 in Paris.According to his will, all of the remaining property after the executors must be exchanged for securities, on which the fund will be established.Interest on the resulting capital will be spent on bonuses for scientists who brought the most benefit to mankind.They should be divided into five parts: one for the person who discovered or invented something new in the field of physics, the other for the most talented chemist, the third meant the best doctors, the fourth - for the creator of the major literary works of the year dedicated to human ideals, and the fifth -for someone who can help build peace in the world, fighting for the reduction of armies, the abolition of slavery and the friendship of peoples.According to his will, Nobel Prize winners in the first two categories are defined by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.In medicine, the choice of making the Royal Karolinska Institute, the Swedish Academy chooses the literary, and the last - a committee of five persons.They elect the Norwegian Storting.
Dimensions awards
Since the award is determined by the percent of the invested capital Nobile, its size varies.Initially it was provided in the crowns, the first amount was 150 thousand.Now the size of the Nobel Prize has grown significantly and give it to the US dollar.In recent years, it is about one million.Once the money in the fund is over, and the premium will disappear.Nobel amount originally accounted for almost 32 million Swedish kronor, therefore, subject to successful investments, all these years, it has only increased.Nevertheless, in recent years interest rates do not allow to achieve a positive budget - the cost of the prize, holding the ceremony and the content of the administration is too large.Several years ago, the size of the Nobel Prize, it was decided to reduce to ensure the stability of the Fund in the longer term.The administration is doing everything possible to keep it as long as possible.
Family scandal
If history had gone differently, the light would never appear this award.Nobel sum was so large that the relatives were unable to come to terms with her loss.After the death of the inventor of one of the others begin trials in which attempts were made to challenge the will.Nobel owned a mansion in Nice, and a house in Paris, a laboratory in Russia, Finland, Italy, Germany and England, a lot of workshops and factories.All the heirs of the property would be divided between them.However, the Storting decided to recognize the will.Solicitor deceased sold his property, timing and size of the Nobel Prize were approved.Relatives went to the sum of two million.
Institution Fund
Nobel Prize, the history of which began with a scandal, but was first awarded in 1900.The Royal Council held on 29 June 1900, which examined all the details and approved the official fund.On the part of the money it was acquired the building in which he is located.In December 1901 it was the first event of delivery.The Nobel Prize in one hundred and fifty thousand was the first and most modest.In 1968, the Bank of Sweden has offered to nominate and specialists in the field of economy.Nobel Prize for the field selected the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.It was first awarded in 1969.
Rules of the ceremony
Testament indicates only the size of the Nobel Prize and Science, for the achievements in which scientists should be noted.The rules of selection and it was necessary to make the administration of the fund already.They were developed in the early twentieth century, and ever since virtually no change.According to the rules, the prize can be awarded to several people, but they can not be more than three.If the applicant has died in December at the time of the ceremony, but was still alive at the announcement of nominations in October, it will receive the amount posthumously.Nobel Foundation does not award prizes, charging it to special committees for each direction.Their members may seek the help of scientists from various scientific fields.Prize in literature give the best specialists of linguistics.Laureate in the category of the world choose to consultation of scientists in the field of philosophy, law, political science, history, invited to discuss public figures.Sometimes a technician can personally invite the applicant.This right belongs to the winners of previous years, and a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences.All nominations are approved before 1 February in the year that will be a bonus.Before September each proposal is evaluated and discussed.In the course of thousands of professionals can participate.When the training is over, the committees approved candidates sent to official institutions where scientists work of the Nobel Prize, which will make the final decision.In the field of physics, chemistry and economic science are the main group of representatives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, in each of which twenty-five people.Medicine involved fifty members of the Karolinska Institute.Literature - Eighteen scientists from the Swedish Academy.Peace Prize award, the Norwegian Nobel Committee.In October last adopted a statement which announced at a press conference in Stockholm on the world, accompanied by commentary on the reasons for each decision.By 10 December the laureates and their families are invited to the ceremony.
