Rice field.

Rice - one of the valuable crops in the world are among the main food for the majority of the population of our planet.It is an annual plant, the family of cereals class monocots.

General

This grass has a fibrous root system with pneumatic cavities that provide access of air into the flooded ground.Rice is a bush, composed of gnarled stems with a thickness of about 3-5 mm, and height - from 38 cm in height is also 3-5 meters (deep-water forms).Stems mostly erect, but there are ascending and stelyaschiesya.Leaf lanceolate, inflorescence is a panicle, 10-30 cm in length. Whisk is compressed or spreading, drooping or erect, depending on the type of rice.She and a large number of spikelets flowered on rather short legs.Whole, the usual grain of rice consists of a hard shell, under which is a brownish color and grain.Under the skin - the endosperm, the most nutritious part of the grain, which is what we see in the form of white rice, known as polishing or grinding.About 94% of it contains starch, about 6-10% protein, but unfortunately, there is almost no B-vitamins and mineral substances.Grinding rice is prepared quickly, easily absorbed by the body.In a hot humid climate, the product is stored for longer.

Rice breeding

There are 3 types of fields on which cultivated this herb: upland, checks and estuary.On the sidelines of checks rice cultivation technology lies in cultivating a constant flooding until the harvest is not yet ripe, then drained the water and begin to harvest.This type of harvesting the most common, so collect about 90% of global rice production.Upland fields are located in areas where a large amount of precipitation falls, so they do not require irrigation.On those and other fields, you can grow rice of the same varieties, but the yield on the fields above checks.Lima rice field mainly located in floodplains and vozdelyvavaetsya during floods.In this case, use of special rice varieties, with a fairly fast growing stem panicle which float on water.Compared with other rice-growing fields such method gives much smaller harvest, but it is a more traditional regions where cereal is the most important element of food for the population, for example, in Asian countries.

kinds of rice in the world there are thousands of different varieties of rice.For example, in Asia each field provides a variety of cultures.It is classified by the length of the grain form of processing, color, flavor.By the degree of processing of cereal divided into white rice, brown and parboiled.

following types of rice:

1. Paddy: paddy, had just brought from the field, can be stored for several years.
2. rice husks - delete it from the grain is the first stage of processing, used as animal feed and as a fertilizer.
3. bran shell: it is produced in the process of grinding grain, used for breakfast cereals and animal feed.
4. Polished white rice: the most common.Sometimes, Round srednezerny and long-grain rice, the photo of which can be seen in the article.
5. Parboiled rice: paddy pre-soaked in water, and then treated with steam under pressure.
6. Brown or neshlifovany.Sometimes srednezerny and long-grain rice, the price of which does not differ from the price of odd grinding rice, and is considered to be much more useful than white rice.
7. Broken rice: the processing of rice grains break down large pieces used for the confectionery and breakfast, small - for the rice flour.
8. well as common types of rice such as jasmine, basmati, Egyptian and wild.

history and distribution

about 7000 years a person uses and cultivates rice.Photo evidence of this can be found in ancient writings of China and India.Even then, in the rice fields applied system of canals for irrigation of crops.Where he appeared for the first time - it is not established, but some scientists agree that it is considered the birthplace of India.According to other sources it is known that rice fields in China have appeared in the 5th millennium BC and approximately to 500 BC, has settled in South-East and South Asia, China and India.Spreading this cereal adapted to different weather conditions, for example in South Asia should have a large amount of water and heat the whole year, and in Japan, Korea and central China began varieties that tolerate the cold and who need a little water.In Asia, planting rice and harvested still by hand for centuries grown on mountain plateaus, hills and small plots of land.In the 13th century rice fields were in Sicily, in North America, he has appeared with the French, British and Japanese.In South America figure brought the Portuguese and Spanish.Rice cultivation in Russia began more than 300 years ago.

Rice in Russia

In the Russian Empire first rice field appeared during Ivan the Terrible.He was given a decree Astrakhan governor on growing "Saracen wheat," just so they named Fig.In the lower reaches of the Volga are fields, but the result of the experiment, unfortunately, remained unknown.

During the reign of Peter I «Saracen millet" again emerged in Russia, it sowed in the delta of the Terek River, and the fate of the crop again lost among the urgent needs of the state.And only in 1786 Figure reappeared on Russian territory - was brought Kuban Cossacks.Rice fields are located in the flooded areas of the Kuban River, but after getting a good harvest rice field and emerged in Russia.

consumption of rice in the world

there are 2 approaches to the consumption of this cereal, "West" - is typical for the Americas and Europe, and "Eastern" - for Asia.In eastern countries figure refers to the daily food, rice in Europe got its fame later, but initially it belonged to exotic plants and prepared exclusively for the festive menu.Over time, the rice has also become one of their main food, but, unlike in Asia, in Europe, have started to prepare rice with poultry, meat, seafood and spice additives.

demand for rice culture

Every year about 350 million. Tons of rice produced in the world.More than half the people in the world use it 3 times a day.In Japan, 78% of farms are directed to the cultivation of rice, for example, although the cost of rice are much higher.The rate of consumption of cereals per person in Asia is 150 kg per year, while in Europe - 2 kg per year.Approximately 12-13 million. Tons of annual global imports and exports, that is, about 4% of the total harvest in the world.South America and Asia is a major exporter of rice, and Europe - importer.

rice crops

seed cleaning using special sorting separators, then the seeds are checked for germination, with rates of less than 90% of the grain as unfit.For 5-8 days before sowing the seeds are dried in the sun, soak them in warm water for 2-3 days, after swelling dried to flowability and begin to sow in a pre-heated the soil to a depth of 10 cm. The best way of sowing of rice is considered closed drills Seederflanged or plain ordinary.It brings good results and cross-diagonal method of planting rice.In flooded soils used Broadcast seeding with aircraft, so it is possible to plant about 150 ha per day with a single aircraft.Rice can also be grown from seedlings.In this way, they are in Vietnam, China, Japan and other countries.Seedling culture in CIS meet in Azerbaijan.

Irrigation and care for the rice culture

There are 3 ways to irrigate rice crops:

• constant flooding - the water is on the field during the growing season;
• shortened flooding - at the beginning and end of the growing season there is no layer of water;
• intermittent flooding - the water level is maintained a certain period.

in CIS are mainly used shortened flooding.On soils that are not highly saline and relatively clean of weeds, spend watering after planting and before germination.After seedling rice field is filled, and not very large layer of water left during tillering - about 5 cm. Then, a layer of water gradually increased to 15 cm, and at this level the water is to wax ripeness plants.Over time, the water supply is slightly reduced, to a maturing of the land dried up, and it was possible to start harvesting.In order to destroy algae, chemical weed control and soil aeration dried rice field.Photos of this procedure can be found in many of the recommendations of irrigation and care of the rice.

Technologies rice cultivation

All-Union Rice Research Institute developed the technology of rice cultivation, through which you can receive from 4 to 6 tons of grain from 1 hectare.The technology is designed taking into account the specifics of the soil, the climate, varieties.

to the southern regions and the Krasnodar Territory developed 8 different technologies of production of rice culture:

1. underlying technology, which includes 66 operations, accompanied by a high yield of rice, great fuel economy and labor-intensive.
2. technology in which the seeds sown to a depth of 4 or 5 cm, and includes 49 operations.It uses pre-treatment of the soil: planning and early autumn plowing.
3. technology, in which the combined operations of tillage: alignment of microrelief, the use of fertilizers and herbicides, seeding, and rolling surface.
4. technology, which provides for minimum tillage: it does not include operations such as plowing, disking, chizelevanie, operational planning, plowing.
5. technology, specialized on checks, filled with water, that is where the rice field is not possible to dry in spring and autumn, and in the rainy season during the sowing and soil preparation.
6. Bezgerbitsidnaya technology allowing cultural practices to combat weeds, diseases and pests.
7. technology without the use of pesticides for the cultivation of rice diet.
8. technology, where all energy-intensive and time-consuming processes operate units CFS-3,6 and 3,6-CCF and rotary plow PR 2.4.A distinctive feature of this method is smooth plowing.