What soap is not only today!Colorful, bright, beautiful.There are clear, which are seen tempting patterns or fruktiki, different images.Very popular types for kids who are in the form of favorite cartoon characters, cute animals and other characters.In general, soap manufacturers are struggling.But what is inside the product?What is its chemical composition, when it appeared and how it is produced?Try to understand.
Chemical Base soap
From the point of view of science, this product is the result of alkaline hydrolysis of fats or oils.For the first time that the soaps and oils are composed of things in common, Michelle guessed Chevreul, a French chemist.Almost all his life he devoted to the study of higher carboxylic acids.Therefore, he owns the merits of a theoretical explanation of the composition of fats, and hence the soap.
Chevrel said that if higher trihydric alcohol glycerol containing three hydroxy groups, reacted with an acid, wherein the general formula R-COOH, then the result will form triglycerides - acid esters.They will be fat.If the reaction is carried out in an alkaline medium, the resulting product will react with NaOH (KOH) to form a soap.
Later, these theoretical conclusions were supported by experiments in the laboratory Berthelot.Typically, in the different soaps includes the following components:
- water;
- oleic acid;
- naphthenic acids;
- stearic;
- palmitic;
- rosin;
- sodium or potassium hydroxide.Therefore
chemical formula soaps conventionally written thus: R-COOMe, wherein R - is a radical comprising from 8 to 20 carbon atoms and higher.Me - a metal, alkali or alkaline earth.
If we talk about ordinary economic product, used for washing clothes, formula soap will look something like this: C17H35-COONa.It includes:
- stearic acid;
- caustic soda;
- rosin;
- water;
- sometimes use coconut oil.
In different countries, the production of this type of product comes in different ways, so it is often the result of different composition, the color, the quality of the wash.Thus, it becomes clear to the formula of the soap.Chemistry provides the following definition of this product: it salts of higher carboxylic acids, including in the alkali or alkaline earth metals.
It should be pointed out that the state of aggregation, clarity, smell and other sensory parameters of the product are very different.All depends on the chemical composition and production method.
formula liquid soap
very popular lately option detergent products are liquid.It's convenient, it seems that the more gentle to the skin of hands and aesthetically pleasing to the bathroom shelves.Therefore, liquid soaps - one of the most common types of these salts.How they differ from solid and why such a difference in states of aggregation?
turns the whole thing into a metal cation which forms a compound, as well as production technology.Formula soap which is liquid, relatively looks like: R-COOK.That is sure to come in the potassium ions.Accordingly, in the production participates potassium hydroxide.
main characteristics of such products:
- viscosity;
- hygroscopic;
- ductility;
- transparency;
- best solubility.
solid soap
To obtain a product in a more traditional aggregate state, you need to use in the manufacture of soda lime or caustic soda.It should be pointed out that if it is composed of ions Na, the resulting solid product and nothing else.Lithium ions often also form a similar soap.
Thus, the formula of soap gets a slightly different view: R-COONa, R-COOLi.From a chemical point of view of quantitative composition and structure of the substance does not change - the soap corresponds to nature, as salts of carboxylic acids.Physical characteristics, organoleptic properties, the exterior design - it is subject to change man himself, than people active and engaged.
Classification
can designate two bases for the separation of substances described in the category.The first sign of classification - a chemical base in the manufacture.According to this criterion is isolated:
- sound soaps - fatty acids not less than 60% of the composition;
- poluyadrovoe - about 30%;
- adhesive - not higher 47%.
The selected soap basis can give very different versions of appearance.You can make it marble, transparent, with built-in inside decorations and components, color and matte and so on.Formula soap will also expressed the general composition R-COOMe, but the product is often still include rosin and naphthenic acids, and sorbitol, salt, flavors, colorants, preservatives, foaming agents and other compounds.
second feature classification - it stores.So, there are three varieties of the product.
- Toilet - used for cosmetic purposes to wash, body wash.Must have good foaming ability, to be gentle and not cause irritation and dryness.To this end, the fatty acids do not have to go down over the limit of 72% of the composition.
- Special - it used in the leather, textile, medicine, and so on.It contains special technical additives.
- Commercial - designed for the washing of household items, laundry, cleaning and other household needs.
formula for this kind of soap from the previous is no different, it can also be transparent, opaque, color and so on.The component ratio varies depending on the purpose.
manufacturing industry
making soap in a wide mass scale is carried out on special soap factory.There's pre-planned and lined with technology and design arranged production a huge number of copies of the product as a solid and a liquid plan.The main technological chain following:
- neutralization reaction between soda ash and the products of the hydrolysis of fats (carboxylic acids);
- interaction with caustic soda or sodium hydroxide;
- alkaline hydrolysis of triglycerides.
In any case, you can get a different soap for its physical and chemical properties.
history of soap making
known that cooking on the soap people knew more than 6 thousand years ago, that is before our era.In ancient Egypt, the ash boiled with the addition of fat to give the desired product.Since continued to operate and future generations for several centuries.
In Europe, production of soap was a little intense, because of the purity of his body no one cared, it was considered shameful.It was only from the XVIII century, soap-making is at its peak.Come up with new simplified production technology, in the soap include aromatic oils and emollients, it becomes more varied and enjoyable to use.
Making your own hands
How to make soap with their hands?Is it possible?The answer is clear: yes, it is possible.Today, many people have made it their home business and earn very good money.
If you have imagination, creativity, and originality of thought, dexterous hands, the desire and room to work, then engage in the manufacture of soap is not difficult at all.
Technology soap making at home
There are three basic ways to cook the product without leaving home.
- has purchased a ready basis for production.It is a convenient, inexpensive and quick in execution option, how to make soap with their hands.Such a framework would require only your imagination and the right supplements flavorings and colorings.It is plastic and easy to use, it can be given any shape.Also, if desired, can obtain a clear product.
- buy ready-made soap without perfumes, dyes and flavors.For example, children.Then grind, melt in a water bath, and further act as the first case.
- Cooking from scratch.The most dangerous in terms of security and time-consuming process.It may be carried out by any one of the industrial methods.However, it should be remembered that work with bases should be extremely cautious.And not at home, and in a special room.
