Nobel Prizes are awarded annually in Stockholm (Sweden) and Oslo (Norway).They are considered the most prestigious international awards.Established of Alfred Nobel - the Swedish inventor, linguist, tycoon, humanist and philosopher.He went down in history as the inventor of dynamite (which was patented in 1867), played a major role in the industrial development of our planet.In drawing up a will, Alfred Nobel was told that all his savings amount to the fund, the purpose of which - awarding of those who managed to bring the greatest benefit to mankind.
Nobel Prize
Today Award awarded in the fields of chemistry, physics, medicine, literature.Also awarded the Peace Prize.
Russian Nobel laureates for literature, physics and economics will be presented in this article.You will get acquainted with their biographies, discoveries and achievements.
Price Nobel Prize high.In 2010, its size was approximately $ 1.5 million.
Nobel Foundation was founded in 1890.
Nobel Laureates Russian
Our country can be proud of the names, famed for her in the fields of physics, literature and economics.Nobel Prize winners Russia and the USSR in these areas as follows:
- Bunin IA (literature) - 1933.
- PA Cherenkov, Frank, and Tamm, IM IE (physics) - 1958.
- BL Pasternak (literature) - 1958.
- LD Landau (physics) - 1962.
- NG Basov and Prokhorov AM (physics) - 1964.
- Sholokhov MA (Literature) - 1965.
- Solzhenitsyn AI (literature) - 1970.
- LV Kantorovich (economy) - 1975.
- Kapitsa PL (physics) - 1978.
- Brodsky IA (literature) - 1987.
- Alferov Zh (physics) - 2000.
- Abrikosov AA and VL Ginzburg (Physics) - 2003;
- Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov (physics) - 2010.
list, hopefully in the next few years will continue.Nobel Prize winners Russia and the Soviet Union, the names of which we quoted above, were presented not fully, but only in areas such as physics, literature and economics.In addition, the leaders of our country also noted in medicine and physiology, chemistry, and received two awards in the world.But we'll talk about them another time again.
Nobel laureates in physics
Many physicists of our country were awarded this prestigious award.Tell me more about some of them.
Tamm Tamm
Tamm Tamm (1895-1971) was born in Vladivostok.He was the son of a civil engineer.Over the years he studied at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, but then returned home and in 1918 graduated from the Physics Department of Moscow State University.The future scientist went to the front in the First World War, where he served as the Brothers of Mercy.In 1933 he defended his doctoral dissertation, and a year later, in 1934, became a Fellow of the Institute of Physics.Lebedev.This scientist working in the field of science, which have been little studied.So he studied the relativistic (that is related to the famous theory of relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein), quantum mechanics and the theory of the atomic nucleus.He was in the late 30s managed together with IM Frank explained Vavilov-Cherenkov effect - the blue glow of the liquid that occurs under the influence of gamma radiation.It is for these studies he later received the Nobel Prize.But the Tamm his main achievements in science considered work on the study of elementary particles and atomic nuclei.
Landau Lev Davidovich
Landau Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) was born in Baku.His father worked as a petroleum engineer.At the age of thirteen years, the future scientist graduated from college with honors, and at nineteen, in 1927, became a graduate of the University of Leningrad.Landau continued his education abroad as one of the most talented graduate students in the voucher Commissar.There he participated in seminars conducted by leading European physicists - Paul Dirac and Max Born.Landau on returning home he continued his studies.In 26 years, he has achieved a degree of Doctor of Science, and a year later became a professor.Together with Eugene M. Lifshitz, one of his students, he developed a course for graduate and undergraduate students in theoretical physics.Kapitza asked Landau in 1937 to work in his institute, but a few months later the scientist was arrested on a false denunciation.For a year he had no hope of salvation was in prison, and only appeal to Stalin saved the life of Kapitza his life: Landau was released.
talent of this scientist was versatile.He explained the phenomenon of fluidity of liquid helium, created his theory of quantum liquids and studied electron plasma oscillations.
Prokhorov Alexander
Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai G. Basov, Russian Nobel laureates in science of physics, received this prestigious award for the invention of the laser.
Prokhorov was born in Australia in 1916, where his parents had lived since 1911.They were exiled to Siberia by the tsarist government, and then fled abroad.In 1923, the family of the future scientist returned to the USSR.Alexander graduated with honors from the Physics Department of Leningrad University and worked since 1939 in the Institute.Lebedev.His scientific achievements related to the radio physics.The scientist became interested in 1950 radiospectroscopy and together with Nikolai Basov Gennadyevich has developed the so-called masers - molecular generators.Thanks to this invention, have found a way to create a concentrated radio.Such studies, regardless of Soviet colleagues conducted and Charles Townes, an American physicist, so the committee decided to share this award between him and the Soviet scientists.
Leonidovich Kapitsa Peter
continue the list, "Russian Nobel laureates in physics".Leonidovich Kapitsa, Peter (1894-1984) was born in Kronstadt.His father was a military man, Lieutenant-General, and his mother - a famous collector of folklore and teacher.PLKapitsa in 1918 graduated from the Institute in St. Petersburg, where he studied under Abram Fedorovich Ioffe, the eminent physicist.In the context of civil war and revolution it was impossible to do science.Kapitsa's wife and two of his children died during a typhus epidemic.The scientist moved to England in 1921.There he worked in the famous Cambridge University Center, and his scientific adviser was Ernest Rutherford, a famous physicist.In 1923, Pyotr Leonidovich became a doctor of sciences, and two years later - a member of Trinity College - privileged association of scientists.
Pyotr Leonidovich worked mainly experimental physics.He was particularly interested in the physics of low temperatures.Especially for his research in the UK with the help of the Rutherford Laboratory was built, and by 1934 the scientist has created an installation for the liquefaction of helium.Petr Leonidovich in these years was often at home, and during visits to the Soviet leadership to persuade scientists to stay.In the years 1930-1934 for him even built a laboratory in our country.In the end it just did not let out of the Soviet Union during the next visit.Therefore, Kapitza continued his studies already here and he succeeded in 1938, discovered the phenomenon of superfluidity.For that in 1978 he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov
Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, Russian Nobel laureates in physics, received this honorary award in 2010 for his discovery of graphene.This is a new material that allows you to greatly increase the speed of the Internet.As it turned out, it can capture and convert into electrical energy the amount of light is 20 times more than any previously known materials.This discovery is dated 2004.So it was replenished the list of "Russian Nobel laureates of the 21st century."
Prize for Literature
Our country has always been famous for its artistic creativity.People with sometimes opposing ideas and views - Russian Nobel laureates for literature.For Solzhenitsyn, and IA Bunin were opponents of Soviet power.But Mikhail Sholokhov was known as a staunch communist.However, all Nobel Prize winners Russia were united by one - talent.For him, they were honored with this prestigious award."How many Nobel Prize winners for literature in Russia?" - You ask.Answer: there are only five.Now, we introduce you to some of them.
Pasternak Boris Leonidovich
Pasternak Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) was born in Moscow in the family of Leonid Pasternak, a famous artist.The mother of the future writer, Rosalia Isidorovna, is a talented pianist.Perhaps this is why Boris Leonidovich as a child dreamed of becoming a composer, he even studied music at the very Scriabin AN But the love of poetry won.Glory Boris Leonidovich brought poetry and the novel "Doctor Zhivago", dedicated to the fate of the Russian intelligentsia, dooming him to the ordeal.The fact that the editors of the literary magazine, which the author suggested his manuscript, considered the work to anti-Soviet and refused to publish it.Then Boris Leonidovich gave their creation abroad, in Italy, where it was published in 1957.Soviet colleagues fact of the publication of the novel in the West strongly condemned, and Boris Leonidovich was expelled from the Writers' Union.But this affair made him a Nobel laureate.Since 1946 the writer and poet nominated for this award, but awarded it only in 1958.
Awarding this prestigious award to this, according to many, the product of anti-Soviet homeland has outraged authorities.As a result, BL threatened with expulsion from the Soviet Union was forced to refuse to receive the Nobel Prize.Only 30 years later, Yevgeny Ivanov, the son of the great writer, his father received a medal and a diploma.
Solzhenitsyn Solzhenitsyn
fate of Solzhenitsyn Solzhenitsyn was no less dramatic and interesting.He was born in 1918 in Kislovodsk, and childhood and early years of the future Nobel laureate held in Rostov-on-Don, Novocherkassk.After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Rostov University Solzhenitsyn he was a teacher and at the same time, in absentia was educated in Moscow at the Literary Institute.After the start of the Great Patriotic War the future winner of the prestigious Peace Prize went to the front.
Solzhenitsyn shortly before the war, was arrested.The reason for this was his criticism of Joseph Stalin, found in the writings of the writer's military censor.Only in 1953, after the death of Joseph Stalin, he was released.The magazine "New World" in 1962 published the first novel by this author titled "One Day of Ivan Denisovich", which tells about the life of people in the camp.Literary Magazines majority of these works of Solzhenitsyn refused to print.The reason to call them anti-Soviet orientation.But Solzhenitsyn did not give up.He, like Pasternak, sent his manuscripts abroad, where they were published.In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.At the ceremony in Stockholm writer did not go, because the Soviet government was not allowed to leave the country.In the Soviet Union was not allowed and members of the Nobel Committee, is going to hand the award winner in his homeland.
regard to the fate of the writer, then in 1974 he was expelled from the country.At first, he lived in Switzerland, then moved to the US, where he was handed over and the long overdue Nobel Prize.In the West, it was published such famous works as "The Gulag Archipelago", "The First Circle," "Cancer Ward."Solzhenitsyn in 1994 returned to Russia.
These Nobel Prize winners Russia.List complemented by another name, which it is impossible not to mention.
Mikhail Sholokhov
tell you about one of the Great Patriotic writers - Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov.His fate was different than the opponents of the Soviet regime (Pasternak and Solzhenitsyn), because it supports the state.Mikhail Alexandrovich (1905-1980) was born in the Don.He described then Veshenskaia, his small home, in many works.Mikhail Sholokhov finished only 4th grade school.He took an active part in the civil war that led to select grain surpluses from wealthy Cossacks suborder.The future writer had in his youth felt his calling.In 1922 he came to Moscow, and a few months later began to publish in magazines and newspapers their first stories.In 1926, there were collections of "azure steppe" and "Don stories".In 1925 he began work on the novel "And Quiet Flows the Don", dedicated to the life of the Cossacks in the critical period (civil war, revolution, World War I).In 1928 he was born the first part of this work, and in the 30s it was completed and became the top creative Sholokhov.In 1965, the writer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Russian Nobel laureates in economics
our country in this field proved to be not so big, both in literature and physics, where there are many Russian laureates.Prize for economics was still only just one of our compatriot.Tell us about it in more detail.
Kantorovich Leonid V.
Russian Nobel laureates in economics are represented by only one name.Kantorovich Leonid V. (1912-1986) is the only economist of Russia to be awarded this prize.Born in a family physician scientist in St. Petersburg.His parents during the civil war, fled to Belarus, where he spent a year.Vitalij Kantorovich, Kantorovich's father died in 1922.In 1926, the future scientist entered the above Leningrad University, where he studied, in addition to the natural sciences, modern history, political economy, mathematics.Faculty of Mathematics, he graduated at 18 years of age, in 1930.After that Kantorovich remained at the university as a teacher.At 22, Kantorovich becomes a professor, and a year later - and the doctor.In 1938 he was appointed to the lab consultant plywood factory, where before it was tasked to establish the method of distribution of a variety of resources to maximize productivity.Thus it was founded the casting method of programming.In 1960 the scientist moved to Novosibirsk, where at that time was to create a computer center, the most advanced in the country.Here he continued his studies.In Novosibirsk scientist lived until 1971.During this period he was awarded the Lenin Prize.In 1975 he was awarded, together with T. Koopmans Nobel Prize, which he received for his contributions to the theory of resource allocation.
These are the main Russian Nobel laureates.2014 was marked by obtaining the prize Patrick Modiano (literature), Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, Shuji Nakamura (physics).Jean Tirole received the award in the field of economy.Among them there are Nobel Prize winners Russia.2013 also brought this prestigious award to our compatriots.All winners were representatives of other states.
