Styles language - is the variety, which serve one or the other side of the social life.All of them have some common settings: the purpose or use of the situation, the forms in which they exist, and a set of linguistic resources.
The concept is derived from the Greek word "stilos", which denotes a stick to the letter.As a scientific discipline has taken shape in the style of the twenties of the twentieth century.Among those who have thoroughly studied the problem of style were Lomonosov, F. Buslaev, Vinokur, EDPolivanov.Serious attention was paid to the individual functional styles D. E. Rosenthal, VV Vinogradov, MN Kozhin and others.
Five styles of speech in Russian
functional styles of language - it is certain features of the speech or its social species, specific vocabulary and grammar, which correspond to the scope and way of thinking.
In Russian, they traditionally divided into five varieties:
- Elementary;
- official business;
- Research;
- publicist;
- Art.
norms and concepts of each depend on the historical era and change over time.Prior to the XVII century and the spoken vocabulary of the book are very different.Russian literary language was only in the XVIII century, largely due to the efforts of Mikhail Lomonosov.Modern styles of language began to form at the same time.
Birth styles
period existed in ancient church literature, business documents and chronicles.Spoken everyday language differed from them strongly enough.At the same time, domestic and business documents have a lot in common.Lomonosov has made to change the situation a lot of effort.
He laid the basis for the ancient theory, highlighting the high, low and middle styles.According to her, Russian literary language was formed as a result of the joint development of the book and spoken variants.She took as a basis stylistically neutral forms and expressions of one and the other, allowed the use of people's expressions and to limit the use of little-known and specific Slavonicisms.Thanks to Mikhail Lomonosov then existing styles replenished scientific language.
Subsequently, Pushkin gave impetus to the further development of the style.His work laid the foundation for the art style.
Moscow orders and Peter's reforms were the origins of the official-business language.The ancient chronicles, sermons and teachings formed the basis of journalistic style.In the literary version, it began to take shape only in the XVIII century.To date, all 5 styles of language quite well decorated and have their own subspecies.
conversational household
As the name implies, this style of speech used in everyday communication.In contrast to the jargon and dialects, it is based on the literary lexicon.Its scope - a situation where there is no clear official relations between the parties.In daily life, it is used mainly neutral words and phrases (e.g., "blue", "horse", "left").But you can use the words spoken from the color ("dressing room", "lack of time").
spoken Inside are three subspecies: obihodno-consumer, business-obihodno and epistolary.The latter includes private correspondence.Colloquially and business - an option to communicate in a formal setting.Spoken and official style of language (a lesson or lecture can serve as another example) in a certain sense, this subspecies is divided between them, as it can be attributed, and there and there.
Informal communication allows familiarity, caressing and reduced expression, as well as words with evaluative suffixes (such as "domische", "bunny", "boast").Conversational style home can be very bright and shaped by the use of phraseology and words with emotional and expressive shade ("slack", "blizehonko", "fellow", "faithful", "yubchonka").
widely used different cuts - "unsatisfactory", "ambulance", "condensed milk".Spoken language is simpler than a book - inappropriate use of participles and gerunds, sophisticated multipartite proposals.Overall, this corresponds to a literary style, but at the same time has its own peculiarities.
Scientific style
He, like official business, is very strict in the selection of words and phrases, narrows the scope of the permissible.Scientific style of the Russian language does not allow dialect, jargon, colloquial expressions, words with emotional overtones.It serves the sphere of science and industry.
Since the purpose of scientific texts - to present research findings, objective facts, it makes demands of their compositions and the words used.Typically, the sequence of presentation is:
- introduction - statement of the problem, objectives, issue;
- main part - searching and sorting options for response, drawing hypothesis, proof;
- conclusion - the answer to the question of the goal.
work in this genre is built consistently and logically, it served two types of information: facts, and how to organize their author.
Scientific style of language is widely used terms, prefixes anti, bisexual, quasi-, super- -skeleton suffix, -ism, -No-e (antibodies, bipolar, supernova, sedentary life, symbolism, cloning).Moreover, the terms do not exist by themselves - they form a complex network of relationships and systems: from the general to the specific, from the whole to the parts, the genus / species identity / opposites, and so on.
Essential criteria like text - objectivity and accuracy.Objectivity eliminates the emotionally charged language, exclamations, art of speech, is inappropriate here to lead the story in the first person.Accuracy is often associated with the terms.As an illustration we can extract from the book by Anatoly Fomenko, "Methods of mathematical analysis of historical texts."
The degree of the "complexity" of the scientific text depends primarily on the target audience and purpose - to whom the product is designed, how much knowledge these people have alleged, whether they understand what is at stake.It is clear that at such an event, like a school lesson of the Russian language, styles of speech and expression need simple and lectures for senior high school courses suited and complex scientific terminology.
course, play an important role, and other factors - the theme (in the technical sciences and a language more strictly regulated than in the humanities) genre.
In this style there are strict requirements for registration of written work: master's and doctoral theses, monographs, essays, term papers.
bedding and nuances of scientific speech
addition to the actual research, allocate more scientific-educational and scientific-popular substyles.Each is used for a specific purpose and for a specific audience.These styles of language - examples of different, but at the same time, similar in appearance communication flows.
Research and Training sub-genres - is a kind of lightweight version of the basic style, in which literature is written for those who have just begun to explore a new area.Representatives - textbooks for high schools, colleges, school (high school), part of this tutorial, other literature, designed for beginners (hereinafter - an excerpt from a textbook for high schools of psychology: the authors Slastenin V. Isayev I. et al., "Pedagogy. Textbook").
Scientific-popular sub-genres - easier to understand than the other two.Its purpose - to explain to the audience the complex facts and processes simple and understandable language.Various encyclopedias "101 of the fact ..." written by him.
official business
From 5 styles of the Russian language the most formalized.It is used for communication between states and institutions with each other and with citizens.It is a means of communication between individuals in the workplace, in organizations, in the service sector, within the exercise of their official obligations.
official style referred to the book-writing, it is used in the texts of laws, orders, contracts, certificates, warrants and similar instruments.The oral form is used in speeches, reports, communication in the framework of a working relationship.
components official style
in the general category identify several sub-genres:
- Legislative .Used in spoken and written form, in the laws, regulations, rulings, instructions, explanatory letters, recommendations, and instructions, itemized and operational comments.In oral sounds during the parliamentary debate and appeals.
- Jurisdictional - exist in oral and written forms, used to indictments, verdicts, decisions on the arrest, judgments, appeals, procedural acts.In addition, it can be heard during the court debates, discussions at the reception of citizens, and so on. D.
- Administrative - in writing, being implemented in the orders, regulations, decisions, contracts, labor and insurance contracts, official letters, various petitionstelegrams, wills, memoranda, autobiographies, reports, receipts, shipping documentation.The oral form of the administrative sub genre - orders, auctions, commercial negotiations, speeches at receptions, auctions, meetings, and so on. D.
- Diplomatic .This genre in writing can be found in the form of treaties, conventions, agreements, covenants, protocols, personal notes.The oral form - a communiqué, memorandums, joint statements.
in official-business style widely used set phrases, complex alliances and verbal nouns:
- based ...
- in accordance with ...
- based ...
- by ...
- effect ...
- mean ...
only academic and official style have clear language of form and structure.In this case, the application, CV, memo, identity card, marriage certificate and others.
For style is characterized by a neutral tone of the narrative, the direct word order, complex sentences, brevity, conciseness, lack of individuality.Widely used special terminology, abbreviations, special vocabulary and phraseology.Another prominent feature - a cliche.
publicist
functional style of language is very peculiar.Journalistic - is no exception.It is used in the media, in public and periodical literature, in political, judicial performances.The most common examples of it can be found in radio and television broadcasts, in newspaper articles, magazines, leaflets, rallies.
Literature is designed for a wide audience, so there is rarely found specific terms, and if there are, they seek to explain in the same text.It exists not only in speech and writing - is also found in photography, film, graphic and pictorial, theatrical, dramatic, musical and verbal form.
journalistic style of language has two main functions: information and influence.The first task - to convey to people the facts.Second - create the right impression, to influence the opinion of the events.Information reporting function requires reliable and accurate data are of interest not only to the author, but also the reader.Exposure is realized through the private opinion of the author, his calls to action, and the method of presentation.
addition specific for this particular style, there are common features of the language as a whole: communicative, expressive and aesthetic.
communicative function
Communication - the main and the general problem of language, which is manifested in all its forms and styles.Absolutely all kinds of language and speech styles are communicative function.In journalism, the texts and speeches are intended for a wide audience, the feedback is realized through letters and phone calls of readers, public debates, polls.This requires that the text was clear and easy for readers to understand.
expressive function
journalistic text is visible in the personality of its author, which may express their attitude to the events, to share their point of view.The different genres have different degrees of freedom of the author - emotion typical of a pamphlet or a talk show, but is not welcome in the information note or a news release.
expression should not go beyond reasonable limits - is necessary to respect the rules of speech culture, and expression of emotion may not be the only objective.
aesthetic function
Of all 5 styles of speech of the Russian language, this function is present only in two.In literary texts aesthetics plays an important role in journalism, its role is much less.However, read or listen to a well designed, well thought out, balanced text much nicer.Therefore, it is desirable to pay attention to the aesthetic quality of any genre.
Genres journalism
Inside the main style secrete a lot of heavily used genres:
- oratorical speech;
- pamphlet;
- essay;
- report;
- skit;
- interviews;
- article and others.
Each one of them is used in certain situations: the pamphlet as a kind of artistic and journalistic works are usually directed against a particular party, a social phenomenon or the political system in general, the report - prompt and impartial communication from the scene, art - a genre withby which the author analyzes some phenomena, facts, and gives them their own assessment and interpretation.
art style
All styles of language and style of speech find their expression through art.It conveys the feelings and thoughts of the author, affects the reader's imagination.It uses all the tools of other styles, the diversity and richness of language, characterized by imagery, emotion, focused speech.It is used in the literature.
An important feature of this style is aesthetics - here it is, as opposed to journalism, a required element.
There are four kinds of artistic styles:
- epic;
- lyrical;
- Drama;
- combined.
Each of these genera has its own approach to the display of events.If we talk about the epic, there will be the main subject of a detailed account of the event or when the author himself or someone of the characters act as the narrator.
lyrical narrative focuses on the impression that the author left the event.Here are the main experiences, what is happening in the inner world.
dramatic approach shows a certain subject in action, showing him surrounded by other objects and events.The theory of these three genera belong to VG Belinsky.In the "pure" form, each of these is rare.Recently, some authors identify another kind - combined.
In turn, epic, lyric and dramatic approaches to the description of events and objects are divided into genres: fairy tales, stories, short story, novel, an ode, drama, poem, comedy and more.
artistic style of language has its own characteristics:
- uses a combination of linguistic resources of other styles;
- form, structure, tools Language selected in accordance with the plan and the idea of the author;
- use of specific figures of speech, which give the text and the imagery of brilliance;
- is very important aesthetic function.
There are widely used trails (allegory, metaphor, simile, synecdoche) and stylistic figures (default epithet, epiphora, hyperbole, metonymy).
artistic image - style - language
author of any work, not only literary, needs funds to come into contact with the viewer or reader.Every art form has its own means of communication.Here and there a trilogy - an artistic image, style and language.
image - a generic approach to the world and life, expressed by the artist with the help of his chosen language.It is a certain general category of art, a form of interpretation of the world by creating aesthetically existing facilities.
artistic image is also referred to as any phenomenon, recreated by the author in the work.
