concept of political regime - one of the main common in political science.Any political power has its own characteristics and peculiarities.Implementation is carried out by the authorities of certain methods and means.
political regime
In different historical periods of state power can be an excellent form of political regime.They are dependent on the mechanisms of interaction between society and the state itself, methods of political governance of the country, the volume of the rights, freedoms and duties of citizens.
Rarely has a political regime in its purest form.This is evidenced by the history of the USSR, when, under the guise of democracy for a long time operated a rigid dictatorship power.Nowadays, in some countries there is a similar situation, including the dictatorship and against the background of democracy.
Signs of political regime
main features that characterize the political regime are:
- principles on which the existing institutions of power;
- political goals;
- methods and mechanisms for achieving political goals.
nature of the political regime of the country is directly linked to the historical development of the country, the traditions of the people, the level of political awareness and culture.No wonder they say: "The people have the power that it deserves."This phrase is well illustrated by the cases of usurpation of power by one person or a group of persons (the so-called political elite).In fact, the people allows the dictator to take the place in which it is located.
What is the dictatorship, have felt themselves to citizens of many countries, and sometimes more than once.Typically, the cycle of totalitarian regimes tends to repeat it in countries with sustained political culture.
forms modes
political regime - a reflection of the situation prevailing in a society characterized by the volume of citizen participation in the exercise of state power.Political scientists distinguish two basic types of state regimes.
- Democratic.
- non-democratic (dictatorial).
The main characteristic of a democratic regime is a direct impact on citizens' exercise of state power in the country.The state constitution does not define the nature of political power.But it may contain a reference to democratic orientation.
In turn, responding to the question: "What is a dictatorship?" - Characterizes the regime of political science with a complete lack of civil society participation in the mechanisms of the state power.The concentration of all power in the hands of one person or group of persons.The latter may be a ruling party or even a small part of the elite of the party.
There are two main types of dictatorship (undemocratic) political regime:
- totalitarian;
- authoritarian.
totalitarian regime
What is the dictatorship in the form of totalitarianism, identified in the 20s B.Mussolini criticism.For the first time the term "totalitarianism" was applied against the fascist regime in 1925.Later, the term was used to refer to the Soviet regime.
first manifestations of totalitarianism are the beginning of the twentieth century.Its appearance is due to society's desire for a clear reference points of the "new man", a "new economic order".This socio-economic model - it is a kind of reaction of the masses to the rapid destruction of conventional structures, the desire of people to unite in the face of a frightening future.
The unbalanced, frightened state of the masses easily fall under the influence of strong political leaders (chiefs, the Fuhrer).Charismatic personality, with sufficient political will, easily find like-minded people.And relying on their support, have enforced by pressure on citizens by implementing its ideology, decisions, goals and ways of achieving them.
totalitarian regime characterized by a complete (total) submission to the state all areas of life the individual and society as a whole.State power structure under totalitarianism - a centralized political structure.The emergence of uncontrollable political or other non-governmental organizations in this situation possible.Due to the complete absorption of a structure of power in all spheres of activity of the company is achieved ideological control of the ruling organization.As a result, such an ideology becomes a global unifying force.It is similar to the global control of the state differs from the totalitarianism regimes such as the military dictatorship, tyranny, despotism, and so on.
difference in ideological currents allow to subdivide the totalitarian regimes on the "left" and "right".Based on the ideas of Marxism-Leninism and fascism, respectively.
common features of any totalitarian regime are:
- constant search for enemies, both within the country and abroad;
- military or partial military organization of society;
- creation of extreme situations;
- permanent mobilization of the masses to carry out important and urgent task;
- rigid vertical of power;
- submission guidelines.
totalitarian regime characterized by the slogans of "victory at any cost", "end justifies the means", "Party - our helmsman."
authoritarian regime
authoritarian political regime is characterized by a concentration of power throughout the power of the state in one ruling group or one person (the monarch, a dictator).
Unlike totalitarian society is not controlled so strictly.Ideology allows the pluralism of opinions, subject to safety in relation to the state system.The main share of repressive measures rests with the zealous opponents of the regime.The rights and freedoms of citizens are personal.
authoritarianism characteristic features are:
- high centralization of power;
- submission to many aspects of life of citizens interests of the state;
- a clear separation between the people and the authorities;
- avoidance of strong political opposition;
- infringement of media freedoms;
- the formal separation of powers between the executive, legislative and judicial, actually this separation does not exist;
- Constitution is declarative in nature;
- election system is actually exponential.
authoritarianism - the transition process between the democratic and totalitarian regimes.The development can occur in one and the other side (conservative variants or progressive).Transitivity is well defined in the blurred features which have the features of both totalitarian and democratic regimes.
Most often authoritarian regimes can be found in the state where power tends to carry out fundamental changes in the social system and carries out a "revolution from above".
Causes dictatorship
dealt with the question "What is a dictatorship," we can not ignore its causes.The dictatorship, according to many political scientists - is the result of the reaction of the masses on the political and socio-economic crisis.Similar phenomena are accompanied by mass appearance of "unsettled", "knocked out of the rut" persons.In other words, the impact of external factors (migration, economic crises, etc.) the individual loses touch with their social groups and cultural norms.The result is that the person easily influenced, and can be manipulated.Array consisting of such people are very sensitive to the calls of leaders who are ready to offer a new unifying framework, in other words, a new ideology.It creates an illusion of attracting individuals to the total (to class, race, state party).The reasons for the dictatorship are not only internal but also external.The dictatorial regime can be established as a response to an external threat, moreover, it can be not only real but imaginary.The threats may be: the preconditions for the emergence of armed conflict, the danger of loss of independence, the assumptions about the invasion of the territory of the country.
Conclusion
internal closure system of power (such as a dictatorship) does not have the flexibility and ability to adapt to changes in the dynamics of a multi-layer of society.Fear, terror, limited freedom can not forever haunt citizens.At the slightest relief measure mode in a society beginning to manifest the spirit of opposition that could undermine dictatorships.
Moreover, against the background of the active development of the technical infrastructure, constant growth of the volume of available information, mass media, Internet development of totalitarian systems, there is a danger withhold limitations and narrowness of the information field.And that means, and the inability to control the mood of the masses.A single drop of thinking - this is the first and the main blow to the dictatorship, which could result in the collapse of the entire system.Thus, today, totalitarian regimes are forced to artificially limit the information space.
finally destroy a dictatorial regime can only with the help of democratic institutions and the involvement of the population in the country transparent information relations.Important for the presence of "healthy" power is the political culture of the society, the growth of self-esteem and social responsibility.
