term "credit system" is regarded by experts from several points of view.On the one hand, it includes all credit institutions at different levels, involved in the provision of various banking services.On the other hand - a set of rules and principles based on which operates the entire banking system.
Currently, the credit system virtually all countries includes three basic levels.The first level covers the central or national bank of the country.It performs the function of control over the other levels, moreover, such a bank is entitled of issuing cash.This means that it is responsible for regulating the money supply in circulation.The Central Bank carries out one of the most important functions: storage is engaged in gold reserves.In some cases, it provides loans to public bodies or commercial banks to lower units, and also places government securities.The credit system is arranged so that the National Bank and the government work together to achieve certain goals, but it did not affect the interests of each other.For example, the main bank of the country implements the tasks developed by the Government and stated in monetary policy.
second level credit system owned commercial banks together.The main purpose of their activity is considered to be a profit in the maximum amount.This is also the main difference from the central bank, as its functions are enclosed in regulation and control.Credit institutions are the basis of a commercial nature of the banking system, as they act as intermediaries between the people and the state.According to economic theory, the bank in the full sense of the word can only be considered an organization that has three major operations: deposit, payment, credit.The Central Bank in its sole discretion decide whether to issue a license specific to the bank.Without the license the latter does not have the right to carry out their activities, that is, any transaction will be declared invalid and illegal.
credit system of the Russian Federation presupposes the presence of a third level, which consists of specialized financial institutions.As a rule, it is those organizations that received the right to offer certain types of operations, but the bank called in the full sense can not.To those institutions include pension funds, insurance and leasing companies, investment and savings organization.Thus, the basis of their individual activities include banking services.For example, the savings banks organization are usually created as a separate entity for the purpose of accumulating funds of the population and further redeployment in the form of loans granted on a short-term basis.View long-term loans can be regarded as pension funds, as they are for a long time accumulate funds with the condition of periodical payments in the future.But as long as the prescribed period has not come, you can dispose of the sums invested in its sole discretion, for example, by providing loans.
This division into levels allows you to organize the existing financial institutions, which greatly facilitates the process control.However, not all countries have the financial and credit system is divided into three main levels.Some choose to allocate only the first two, depending on the degree of economic development of a country.In addition, the system of each country has its own characteristics.For example, in the US there is a state division into separate states, and each state placed its own central bank.Thus, the credit system of America at the first level includes 12 national banks.
