Mid 60s was marked by a real boom in the rocket, often missiles have implemented even in those areas which have traditionally been occupied by the conventional tube artillery.Particularly distinguished in this field Nikita Khrushchev.However, there were in this innovation and its bright side.For example, during this period the USSR laid a solid scientific basis for the development of a huge number of missiles.
To those concerns, and "Tochka-U": This setting is much superior to all their foreign counterparts (and at first there were none at all).On the history of these weapons today and we will tell.
BACKGROUND
Around the middle of the 60s the Department of Defense initiated the work on the project completely new ballistic system limited range.For the first time in the history of Russian weapons complex bid was made not on the power of the warhead, and the accuracy of the missiles.All previous design work showed quite clearly that this approach should be prevalent in the new, changed world.In particular, it was possible to put the painful blows on the enemy's territory, not all different neighborhood in tatters.The development
instructed to engage in the ICD "Torch".The work was not from scratch: the basis for the rocket took away the M-11, "Storm", which originally was established solely on the ships.The first result was a set of "Hawk".It was assumed that it will be used by radio-guidance system.Simply put, in this case, would have to "lead" the rocket off the ground, constantly adjusting the accuracy of its flight.
Already in 1965 "Hawk" became a project "Point".Missile parts had been left unchanged, but engineers completely redesigned the guidance system.So, they completely abandoned the electronic circuit is proposed to use a relatively simple inertial variant.It was nice to tried and tested in a number of previous Soviet missiles.But this is - not yet "Tochka-U".Installation was quite a difficult path of development, because the developers are constantly emerging new technical barriers.
Further work
All projects "Torch" and has not passed on drawings and sketches.Approximately in 1966, all the achievements have been transferred in Kolomenskoye design bureaus, and once the project was in charge of SP Invincible.However, Kolomna engineers fully agreed with the views of his colleagues from the "Torch": indeed, be an optimal inertial guidance system.In fairness it should be noted that in the future, the project has been completely redesigned.In fact, it remains of it only the name - "Tochka-U".Installation has been largely improved, reduced the cost of its construction.
In general, the active stage of works started only in 1968.This time, the project is supported by about 120 of the most various scientific and technical enterprises, which was created "Tochka-U".This approach is dictated by the fact that in the shortest time required to create not only the missile, but also the mechanical chassis and to set to start and a huge number of electronic "stuffing."Huge contributed Volgograd "Barricades", created from the ground launcher and Bryansk Automobile Plant, at the facilities which have been designed and created all the elements of the new chassis.
Work on the launcher
general, initially considered two options once the launcher, which would be launched ballistic missile "Tochka-U".The first of them created by engineers from Kolomna, but it was used exclusively in field tests.In particular, this is the launcher has been demonstrated in tests in 1971, held in Kapustin Yar.Almost immediately I began to play a major role design, developed by the plant "Barricades".
main characteristics of the missile
In 1973, at the Votkinsk plant in Udmurtia began assembling missiles.At the same time launched the first phase of state testing, the results of which was adopted by the "Tochka-U".Set in the armed forces is better known under the designation 9K79.
basis of the whole complex - a single-stage solid-fuel rocket on 9M79.The total length of munition was 6.4 meters in diameter it is equal to 650 mm.To adjust the rate used lattice control surfaces in a big way in the 1350-1400 mm.The launch of a combat weight of about two tons, of which not less than one and a half tons accounted directly on missile units.The rest of the 482 kilogram divided among themselves explosive charge and an electronic control system.
many difficulties caused the right recipe of solid rocket fuel, which is responsible for the acceleration of the rocket and wrap it to the goal.In the end, we decided on the composition, which include rubber, aluminum powder, and a large part of ammonium perchlorate.Fuel burnt out for about 18-28 seconds.Rocket received inertial momentum, which is enough for a flight duration of 235 seconds.Because of this missile system "Tochka-U" turned out relatively cheap, as was used in the construction of a minimum amount of fuel and explosives.
Feature guidance system
The complex is a large number of electronic and mechanical equipment, responsible for guidance on target: command and gyroscopic instruments, analog computer course, a lot of speed sensor and so on. D. The basis of the system was the command andgyroscopic instruments brand 9B64.He was responsible for the stabilization of the platform during the flight.In general, the missile complex "Tochka-U" provides a projectile hit the target at a distance of 50 kilometers and a dispersion of not more than 30-40 meters is already in testing, which at that time bordered on the fantastic.
With all these instruments promptly transmitted to the computer 9B65, which was responsible for laying the automatic exchange of flight.This was done quite simply, the device compares the information with the benchmarks that have been incorporated into it at startup, and, if necessary, corrected flight.As we mentioned, this was done by means of lattice control surfaces, which is located at the end of the projectile.If at the time of the correction amount of fuel burned has not been applied as gas-dynamic control surfaces, use the energy allocated to the burning gas composition.
This missile system "Tochka-U" is also significantly different from the few of its foreign analogues in which the control and correction of the course was many times more complicated.
Other technical solutions
As the battle and movement of the complex have been inextricably linked throughout the flight, engineers concentrated on the development of the correction system, which began to work directly with the approaching end.At this point, the gyro should hold a projectile at an angle of 80 ° to the horizon line.Generally ballistic missile "Tochka-U", in spite of its relative simplicity and cheapness, showing excellent results in terms of accuracy.
Entering data on the location of the target was carried out before the rocket in a vertical position on the launcher.The control equipment and inverter "Argon" is automatically calculated and formed a flight mission, after which it was transferred rocket.
Very interesting was the way to test the system of gyroscopic stabilization, which used a ballistic missile "Tochka-U".In particular, it was of special design multifaceted prism coupled with an optical recognition system rate.In case the rocket was a small window of light that falls on this polyhedron and reflected accurately in the test equipment.
work on the creation of a self-propelled chassis
In the first stage, engineers believed that the chassis will be made on the basis of some machines, developed at the Kharkov plant.However, after comparing the characteristics of all the proposed models it was preferred instance created in the Bryansk automobile plant.On the basis of the floating chassis has been designed machine 9P129.Oddly enough, but the documents the work on the project "Complex" Tochka-U "" supervised by the Volgograd plant "Barricades".Commercially same launchers and many other important elements of the chassis generally produces Petropavlovsk Plant.
Specifications chassis
car was equipped with a diesel engine, developing up to 300 horsepower.Powerful engine allows a ready to start the installation drive on the highway at speeds up to 60 km / h.Off-road limited rate of movement of up to 10-15 km / h.In case of necessity complex "Tochka-U" on their own could overcome water obstacles, while developing a speed of 10 km / h.Since the total weight of the chassis does not exceed 18 tonnes, it can be transported by means of virtually all military transport aircraft.
compartment missiles was quite original made.Thus, in the anterior part it was mounted solid insulating casing which securely protected warhead projectile against excessively high or low temperatures.The more notable "Tochka-U"?Features pre-launch preparations clearly distinguish it from all other missile systems because of the ease and speed of all operations.
Preparing for combat use, pre-commissioning
ratio to prepare for the launch of a stroke assumes full combat readiness within 20 minutes maximum.If the lion's share of time spent on it to ensure maximum stability of the chassis.All other procedures were performed by trained calculation many times faster.Thus, only the setting "Tochka-U" (there is a photo in the article) is a real difficulty.
on the transfer of commands to the control system is literally a couple of seconds left, lifting the launcher in vertical position took away exactly 15 seconds, and then once it was possible to produce a run.Rise launchers stocks could reach 78 °.Thus, the complex "Tochka-U" is a formidable weapon, the deployment of which, under favorable conditions spent less than two minutes.
The horizontal guidance mechanics allowed to turn on the launcher to 15 ° right and left relative to the central axis of the self-propelled chassis.When shooting at a maximum range of 70 kilometers is the distance the rocket flew for only a couple of minutes.During this time the launcher "Tochka-U" was supposed to be transferred to the stowed position and begin a withdrawal from the "illuminated" position.Recharging Complex took up about 19-20 minutes.
transport and loading vehicle
What else it is part of the complex "Tochka-U"?Characteristics of its missiles, if you have not forgotten, assume the weight of the projectile at two tons.So it is impossible to do without the transport and loading vehicle, which was established on the basis of the chassis BAZ-5922.Her body has room for two missile warheads which closed insulation.Set shells on the rails is carried out using the cargo crane, which is part of the design 9T128.
In principle, the missiles can be stored for a relatively long time in the transport and loading vehicle, but much better to use for this purpose a specially designed metal containers.What is the reason?If the "Tochka-U" (photo is repeatedly found in the article) is stored in improper conditions, the missile can fly anywhere, but not on target.
To install transported over long distances, using special machines or 9T222 9T238, which are almost standard tractors.On one such car can carry two containers / or four rocket warheads.No matter how good "Tochka-U", its characteristics over time, have become increasingly markedly deteriorate.Of course, work began on the modernization of equipment.
modifications and modernization
result of the work was put into service in 1983 complex "point-P."Basically, the old system it differs only a new way of targeting missiles at the target.More precisely, the designers went back to the idea of a radar guidance system.The new facility can automatically capture the target at a distance of 15 kilometers, and then they go in the course of standard control mechanisms inherited from the old "points."However, the new installation may use the entire range of the missiles that were released in previous years.
Since 1984, launched a new round of work, as even the characteristics of the installation "Tochka-U" of the new generation are not too satisfied the military.The tests took place already in 1986.Three years later, the updated complex was adopted and started its production.As in the previous case, the main changes were made directly to missile parts.As a result, the mass of the "point" has grown by about 250 kilograms.
But not only this new installation is characterized by "Tochka-U".The radius of destruction has also been increased.The new solid-rocket engine had a mass of one ton.Flight distance then immediately rose to 120 kilometers, which is also possible to create a nuclear option shells.
New versions of ballistic missiles
Before upgrading facilities received new types of combat units.In general, to date, there are the following types of shells for "Dots»:
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9M79 .This model rocket - the first, it appeared together with the installation.
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9M79M .The first upgrade option.In this case very seriously changed the technology of production.In addition, it has been fully compatible with the new system of automatic targeting.The upgraded missile has an index 9M79R.
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9M79-1 .The shell with the same name has a considerably extended range.
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9M79-ORM .This training mock combat missile, which is used for training crews.In appearance they are almost perfectly reproduce their combat "ancestors."
Types warheads
not less diverse and distinguished themselves directly missile warheads.Here we present the most common.
- 9H123 .High-explosive projectile type.The development was completed in the late 60s.Its design has nearly 163 kilograms of explosives, and 14.5 thousand. Semi fragments.They can cover an area of three hectares.It should be noted that the design was produced a huge number of calculations, the results of which TNT mass is at an angle to the central axis of the missile, which ensures the most uniform distribution of weight over the area of fragmentation.
It is for this projectile hated among the infantry "Tochka-U".The defeat of manpower when it is used close to 100%.Hide from the heavy damaging elements can only be in a very good shelter.
- 9H123K. What is remarkable this missile "Tochka-U"?Characteristics of her are simple: cassette fragmentation projectile with 50 submunitions.Each of them - a separate small projectile weighing 7.5 kilograms, and takes half a kilogram explosive charge.Separate "grenade" scatter fragments of about 316, but due to their spread at a height of about two kilometers they cover a time up to seven hectares.To spread more evenly cassettes came, their fall has stabilized due to tape parachutes.
- Nuclear warheads , with the index 9N39.Power - an impressive 10 kilotons.But there is a model 9N64, the power of which is already 100-200 (according to different sources) kilotons.All the missiles that were supplied with a nuclear warhead, labeled the letter "B".During the entire existence of the complex, they have not been used even once.
This is what characterized the missile complex "Tochka-U".Photos that are presented in the proper amount in the article will allow you to create your presentation of it.
