for ancient philosophical stoicism - a kind of tribute to the virtue that teaches everyone morality, order and responsibility.These dogmas are established during the late Hellenistic period and exist in ancient society for centuries.Its name, foundations and essence of it is received for Greece, but it soon became popular in the Roman Empire.It is impossible to tell that this stoicism, briefly.Because we are based on the works of the ancient sages, more broadly, consider this concept.
Origin and description
Approximate date of foundation of the school of Stoicism in the ancient world considered IV century BC.It was then in the portico Stoa Poikile held the first public appearance of Zeno of Kition.He played the role of the teacher and told all comers on their findings and reflections on philosophy.So he became the founder of a new school, which was later literally overgrown with other dogmas and stereotypes.Generally speaking, the stoic philosophy - it's courage, firmness, hardness and resistance to all of life's challenges.It is safe to say that the image of the typical stoic as he was portrayed in the presentation of the ancient sages, firmly entrenched in the minds of European society.This term has always characterized human endurance, unsentimental, someone who feels a sense of duty to themselves and others.Also worth noting is that stoicism - a rejection of any emotion, because they interfere with a person to think rationally and make rational decisions.
periodization
In this issue among scientists disagree.Some researchers distinguish in the history of this school of so-called zero period .It is believed that in the Stoa Poikile sages who had just stoic outlook on life, even going for 300 years before the birth of the founder of this movement.Unfortunately, their names are lost.
first period - Ancient Standing .Lasted IV to the II century BC.Its protagonist was, of course, the founder - Zeno of Citium.Along with him were Cleanthes and Chrysippus of Soli.The first phase of stoicism is considered to be exclusively Greek, since the scope of this doctrine is that the country did not go.After the death of his mentor students involved in their business.Among them are the Diogenes of Babylon, Crates Mallskogo, Antipater, and so on.
average standing or stoic Platonism.There II to I century BC.The protagonists of the era - and Paneth Posidonius of Rhodes.These are representatives of Stoicism began to carry their knowledge to Rome, where later they also became popular.We continue to develop the school of their students - Dardan, Diodotus, Athenodorus and others.
Late Standing - I to II century AD.This period is also known as Roman Stoicism, as it is in this state has continued to develop teaching.The main representatives of the Third Age are Marcus Aurelius, Seneca and Epictetus.
Sometimes scientists isolated and the fourth period of the existence of this school, which coincides with the third.In this case, late Stoicism presented Platonists and Pythagoreans.The protagonist here is Philo.
On what foundation is this philosophy?
To understand, as set out in those days the sages their thoughts, what they put into the heads of others, need to understand what is a doctrine of stoicism.The theory of this school, which is "patented" Zeno, was divided into three parts.This was the logic, physics and ethics (which is a sequence).Often, it was compared with a blooming garden, where is the logic - protective fence, physics - growing tree, and ethics - its fruits.Similarly to these three divided parts, and the egg - shell, yolk and white (in a known sequence).Colleague Zeno, Cleanthes, believed that Stoicism - that teaching is much more widespread, because it should include more components.He introduced topics such as dialectic, rhetoric, politics, ethics, theology and physics.Those wise men who continued to develop the doctrine after the death of the founders, back to the original theory, consisting of three elements.
logic
Stoic logic consists of purely theoretical conclusions, each of which must be correct.This right should be noted that it is impossible to compare them, as each subsequent theory denies the correctness of the previous one.Complete this step is necessary because the doctrine that, as claimed by Chrysippus, it changes the state of the material soul.So, let us consider briefly some inferences stoicism:
- If there is A, and B. But there is, then there is
- and B. A and B at the same time do not exist.But we have the means, can not exist in.There
- either A or B. In this case B is offline.Consequently, A exists.
Physics
To understand this section, it is important to remember that stoicism in philosophy - this thing is purely financial.It is the matter based all his teachings that reject the feelings and emotions, and other manifestations of something intangible and inexplicable.Thus, the Stoics the world seems like a living organism, which is a material part of the material God, who created all this.It thus has the man himself, whose fate is predetermined by the Creator - it is in this context referred to as rock.Because any objection to the plan of the Most High is pointless and even punishable.The Stoics believed that the way to exercise their duty of man meets a passion that becomes the most important of its thorn.Get rid of passions person becomes strong and ready to fight.The force in turn - a delicate matter, which is sent by the Lord.
ethics stoicism
ethically comparable to the Stoics cosmopolitans.They argue that each person is a citizen of the universe, and everyone is equal before their Creator.In one strip are masters and slaves, barbarians and Greeks, men and women.Ancient Stoicism teaches everyone to be kind, sends the right way, makes self-development and improvement.However, any deviation from the dogma, tradition passions or sins committed an act considered to be lower.To put it more succinctly, the essence of the ethics of Stoicism is that everyone is a part of the mosaic, one of the many elements of the overall design.And those who agree with this, fate leads the, and the one who denies his destiny, it drags.
compile this information
After we reviewed all of the elements that make up the stoicism, briefly describe it.You must live in harmony with nature, without harming others and himself.It is necessary to obey her fate, go with the flow, because everything has a reason.It should remain impartial, strong and courageous.A man must always be ready to overcome any obstacle in order to become a better and more useful to the world and to God.Feature stoicism also lies in its passion.They number four: disgust, pleasure, fear and lust.To avoid such help "o logos" - a correct judgment.
Ancient standing and its development
In those centuries, when only Stoicism originated in ancient Greece, he wore a more theoretical than practical.All philosophers who were his supporters, including the founder, pored over the creation of the theory, writing foundations of the new school.They did it as we can see today.There were specific inferences, certain base material in the "physics", as well as the results which headlined the word "ethics".According to ancient Greek sages, the essence of Stoicism lies in the dispute.This clearly demonstrates findings that are considered to be logical.Perhaps, the Stoics are the authors of the famous phrase "in a dispute born truth."
Middle
stage of development at the turn of the change of eras, when Greece became a colony of the mighty and powerful of Rome, the knowledge of the Greeks became the property of the Empire.The Romans, in turn, chose to deal the way, because this school of thought has ceased to be purely theoretical.Gradually, the knowledge acquired by the Greeks, began to be applied in practice.It quotes the Greek sages motivated many soldiers of the Roman army.Their words serve as a support and the support of people who are lost in life.Moreover, over the years stoicism so accustomed to the society, which gradually blurs the line (but not completely) between slaves and masters, as well as between the sexes.In short, the Roman society was more humane, reasonable and educated.
Roman philosophy.Stoicism in his last years of
At the dawn of a new era for this has already become a kind of religion and life-unwritten charter for each Roman.The whole logic of Stoicism, his findings, laws and metaphors in the past.In life embodied the main ideas of the Greek sages - the materiality of everything and everyone, impartiality and subordination of rock.But it must be emphasized that at this particular time in the world begins to spread Christianity, which gradually conquers all the countries of Europe and Asia.And what was the case in the Roman Empire?For the Romans, Stoicism - that's all.This doctrine was their life, their faith.They believed that people should be as close to nature.He must stay cool, very calm and restrained.But the main idea, which brought the Romans themselves, based on the knowledge of the Greeks - it is a struggle with the fear of death.According to them, the person who dealt with this shortcoming, it is one of the most important parts of the universe.
Features of Stoicism in Rome
Clearly, if we are talking about death, about fears, then it is a clear sign that the philosophy of turning into theology.Second, as you know, people are afraid, and therefore obey all dogmas, following every rule unconditionally.In recent years, the Roman stoicism acquired not only a huge scale, but also pessimistic motives.For its members (and that was the vast majority of elite society) it was important to not self-development and unity with nature, and the complete subordination of the rock, up to the loss of their own "I".At the same time the main task was to deal with the fear of death.I mean, everyone was set that at any moment it could not be, and there is nothing to worry about.Especially clearly these motifs are seen in the works of Epictetus.They entrenched after the stoicism he took Marcus Aurelius - the emperor of a great power.
Contact with Christianity
In the early years of its existence, the Christian religion is not in every corner of the globe has found adherents.For a long time the nations are not able to abandon old beliefs from the traditions of their ancestors.In some cases, they were connected with Christianity (dualism), the same trend is observed in the Roman Empire.From the first century AD in the country on a large scale began to spread Stoicism.This can be compared with the new laws, which became mandatory for everyone.At apathy and unity with nature, the Romans literally mad, but soon their views begin to change under the influence of the new faith.For a long time people, including the ruling dynasty, did not accept Christianity.Years passed, and the basis of the theological doctrines have become complementary.It should be borne in mind that Christianity at that time was the youngest religion, it needs a certain basis that it failed to provide stoicism.Now you can clearly trace this relationship.After all, in both theories, we are told that we can not be biased, can not indulge in vices, evil, fear.Both Christianity and Stoicism - a doctrine of goodness, of knowledge, of strength, and that God works in mysterious ways, and each of us should be subject to the governing plan.
Paradoxes and incidents
It often happens that a certain doctrine, which stretches over several centuries, therefore, be drawn up by different people, as a result of the sum of the inconsistencies and some absurdities.It was such a stoic philosophy.This doctrine originated in the IV century BC and existed then 600 years.During development there was not only a transition from appatizma to pessimism.At the heart of the problem is the fact that a person is subject to both God and his plans, but at the same time internally remains free.That mental restlessness, many Stoics preached both in Greece and in Rome.Modern researchers believe that this is one of the parties to the logical doctrine.The first conclusion is correct excludes the second, and vice versa.
Stoicism today
Meet the 21st century typical stoic almost impossible.The dogmas of the ancient teachings comprehend or researchers who work closely on this, or theologians, with adherents mostly Eastern religions (there are more similarities with the philosophy of Stoicism).Each of us in a small extent can acquire knowledge of ancient authors of the Bible.In fairness it should be noted that even the most sacred commandments is based on the ancient theology of Romans.But sometimes the people of our time still called Stoics.This happens when a person completely gives up, becomes a fatalist loses all faith in yourself and your capabilities.These people - the typical apathy, who take for granted any twist of fate, any loss or discovery.They did not really enjoy life and not worry if something terrible happens.
Afterword
Stoicism philosophy - is a science that has existed for centuries and has given rise to a lot of knowledge and doctrines that have emerged in the Middle Ages.The Stoics believed that the universe is material, and each of its cell, each element has its own fate and destiny.Because in any case it is impossible to resist the events that occur.Everything happens for a reason, and people living in harmony with nature, with the progress of life situations, will be a worthy part of the universe.The same, who opposes all this will be unhappy.For his fate in any case, it is ordained, and it shall not go.Because everyone has a choice.A person can come to terms with fate and live in happiness and ecstasy until his death.Or resist everything, making themselves and others unhappy.
