character of every child is different.One likes to sit quietly in a corner and read, while others prefer romps with friends.But everything has a limit, so that at some point my mother too playful children may hear about attention deficit and hyperactivity.Should I be scared?
ADHD - what is it?
kids acting up - every mother knows it.But excessive activity can have on them and some medical reasons.Attention deficit disorder in children of primary school age are called complex of certain symptoms that prevent them from successfully assimilate knowledge.These guys are impulsive, constantly distracted, and the concentration on one task for them - a very big problem.
Modern science believes that it is a disease that is under a certain reason.In the US and Canada for the diagnosis and classification of all uses of psychiatric diseases.But do not be scared just to think that in this case, doctors will try to transfer the child to a special school.As a rule, it had no reason to.However, and quite ignore this condition is also not necessary - the absence of any measures could be further consequences such as problems with the normal integration into society, deterioration of performance, and after that can be pulled complexes, bad relations with parents and teachers, etc..Fortunately, there have long been methods of correction of this feature, including medication.
history syndrome
first description of the state resembling attention deficit and hyperactivity, was found in the records of the German psychiatrist Heinrich Hoffmann-Donner, dated 1846.However, it was not done in a scientific journal, but only in the children's book devoted to the son of a scientist.
first official mention of this condition was made in 1902, the British pediatrician George Steele, observed for children with behavioral problems, including a tendency to excessive mobility, and destructive activities.It was he who suggested that this is not the fault of bad parenting, and central nervous system dysfunction.From that moment it began intensive study of ADHD.What it is, it is not clear so far.
the mid-twentieth century, too mobile and scattered children began to make the diagnosis "minimal brain dysfunction", but in the early 80s of this rather broad notion has been allocated a separate "attention deficit disorder".Treatment is also found, but to talk about it separately.
Species
In 1990, the classification has been allocated to two seemingly diametrically opposite manifestations of the same condition.Conventionally, they have been named HD and ADD.The first group included children with motor disinhibition poor concentration, impulsive and hard to control their behavior.In the remaining patients, on the contrary, there is hypoactivity, lethargy, rapid fatigue and loss of concentration.
prevalence is difficult to talk about how urgent a problem with attention deficit disorder, as there are no uniform standards for diagnosis.In different countries are very different figures: in the United States - 4-13%, in Germany - 9-18%, in Russia - 15-28%, in the UK - 1-3%, in China - 1-13%, and so on.d. It does not take into account adults with similar problems, so the real statistics can be even more impressive.It is also noted that among girls, this problem is much less common than among boys.The latter ADHD diagnosed 3 times more often.
Signs
The scientific literature is allocated to 100 different forms of expression characteristic of ADHD.But the main thing is as follows: decreased concentration, hyperactivity and a tendency to destructive activities.As already mentioned, the general lethargy and hypotonia can also talk about one of the varieties of this problem.Also, in general, there may be memory disorders, obsessive movement, lack of self-help skills and fine motor development, lack of independence, impulsiveness, sudden and frequent mood swings, irritability and anxiety.In any case, seeing that the child's behavior is very different from what and how to do virtually all of its peers, it is possible and even necessary to consult a doctor, even for their own peace of mind.
Causes
If earlier the reasons for this behavior are explained by the gaps in education, in recent years began to talk about the fact that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder may result from the features of the body, namely - the nervous system.The fact that the brain continues to take shape after the baby is born.Moreover, the most active period of his work falls on the second to fifth years of life.Of course, this process continues and later, but in all the maturation of the CNS occurs at different times.
On the other hand, watching the children with ADHD showed that they have, especially in the ADD-species during a busy solving a problem is reduced blood flow of the frontal lobe of the brain.And the harder the child tries to focus on the task, the more pronounced was the decline.Another hypothesis is connected with the transfer of fetal hypoxia, which responded over the years in this way.There is a theory that explains this state in violation catecholamine metabolism.Someone did, and believes that this feature is inherited, arguing that the characteristic changes in the structure of genes.However, despite the different assumptions, the exact answer to the question "ADHD - it" in terms of pathogenesis remains a mystery.
Diagnostics
As already mentioned, under the attention deficit disorder can mean a variety of symptoms.And since there are no signs of the disease, in addition to behavioral problems, not yet identified, doctors are forced to rely on very shaky ground.Uniform methods of diagnosis does not exist in the United States and Canada applied its questionnaires and in the Old World - the.In this part of the criteria in both cases may correspond to the behavior of perfectly healthy, but, for example, the child is very scattered.Characteristics of pre-school age is entirely confirms the personality can take place in very different ways, so that the diagnosis should be conducted very competent and experienced professionals.
However, some questionnaires in case of doubt it is not bypassed.The diagnosis of ADHD is used tomography electroneuromyography and emission spectrometry, as well as almost all the familiar EEG, electroencephalogram.All this helps to better understand the conditions in which there is a lack of attention.
Treatment Techniques
correction of hyperactivity and attention deficit are divided into medication and rest.The first mostly used abroad, the latter many Russian mothers who do not want to stuff a child once more drugs are usually much closer.Parents in Europe and America, by contrast, is usually used non-drug techniques, only when drugs are powerless.
In most cases the doctor selects a set of groups of drugs psychostimulants, tranquilizers, tricyclic antidepressants and nootropics.In international practice, its effectiveness in the treatment of ADHD showed two drugs: "Ritalin" and "Amitriptyline" and their analogues.
Non-pharmacological therapy is also a success in its correct and consistent use.First of all, it is necessary to revise the image of the child's life in terms of his circle of friends and activities.Games better to choose calm, without a strong emotional component, and partners them - balanced and undisturbed.Successfully applied psychotherapy, in which the correction of the child's relationship to the training environment.ADHD has beneficial effects on employment, promote relaxation and relieving anxiety.In certain situations, do not be amiss and family therapy - studies show that undiagnosed attention deficit disorder in children increases the risk of depression in mothers of about 5 times.
Although both approaches is their good, best results are still attained by a combination thereof.
Prevention
Not knowing for certain reasons that cause attention deficit disorder in children, it is difficult to talk about measures to prevent it.Of course, it makes sense for mothers to carefully monitor their condition and after childbirth - the development of the child.Many neuroscientists believe that the symptoms of ADHD can be seen in about 3-5 years, and sometimes even in the first year of life.Since the discovery of these symptoms can begin correction according to non-drug methods of treatment - in any case they will not harm any child.One has only to remember that children with attention deficit observed rather peculiar work of the brain: after 3-5 minutes of activity he needed a break.
forecast
Typically, teens with attention deficit is somehow finished.But this does not mean that ADHD does not require treatment, and runs by itself.It is fraught with neglect if not neurological, psychological problems.By 14-15 years the child can get a low self-esteem, knowledge gaps, lack of friends.Given that in this period, and so he will go through a difficult time for yourself, a sort of crisis, nor to leave the ADHD symptoms without attention, because it can greatly complicate further social adaptation.In addition, studies show that 30-70% of those or other clinical symptoms of the syndrome observed in older age.
disorders in adults
Yes, this happens not only with children.Contrary to popular belief, ADHD - is no longer characteristic of pre-school age or adolescence, this diagnosis can be applied to adult.Doctors still reluctant to admit it, writing off disorganization, forgetfulness and constant delay to the storage character and lack of willpower.But, as already mentioned, in 30-70% of children with ADHD or that problems will occur later.
Features of activity at an older age, however, leave their imprint, so that attention disorders can not be expressed exactly as a child:
- "hang" during the case or conversation;
- impaired concentration;
- difficulty in focusing on the task;
- poor auditory memory, problems with reproduction of information received orally;
- tendency to ignore the details, even important.
There is another side to the coin.Sometimes people with ADHD may fall into the so-called state of overconcentration.At the same time focusing on one thing can make a person forget about time and other matters.As hyperactivity, usually in adults it is expressed much less.
