market economy and its emergence in the modern world - a very complex issue, as necessary to completely transform and change the current system for many decades.But all this can not be quickly changed, the updated outlook to form economic entities, create regulatory and legal framework.Transition - a stage of development, reform and transformation.It always takes a long time, during which the economic system will be a mixture of elements of modern market and administrative command.This change in development, rather than an established operation.
main features
Transition - it's always the variability and instability, which are "irrevocable" nature.It's not just violate the stability of the system, so that she could then return to balance, and significantly weakens it.The economy in transition is irreversible should lead to some other, more stable economic system.This instability causes the irreversibility and development of a special dynamism.However, growing uncertainty, mixing old and new - is always a contradiction.In the socio-political sphere, it leads to an exacerbation of conflicts and social upheavals.
historicity as the characteristic
It is a law of history - an important feature of any country in transition, a list of which can be found at the end.Formerly part of the Soviet Union, Eastern European, now independent, States are faced with problems that are an order of magnitude more difficult than in Latin American countries, as in Latin America where there were quite a lot of development of market institutions.Accordingly, the number of privatized enterprises are not counted in the thousands and hundreds.Especially in transition economies - different forms of its manifestation in different conditions.It is necessary to consider all the governments in the development of plans to reform economic systems.
operation Features: inertia
Transition countries share many features.The first and most important - continuity (inertia) reproductive processes that eliminate the possibility of rapidly replacing the existing economic forms on other, more desirable.It is due to the inertia of the reproduction is stored for a long time, the old economic relations and forms.
Increased intensity
Transition - it's always a very stressful period.His Another key feature is the very rapid and intensive development of new relations between the actors of the market.The irreversibility of evolution accelerates the implementation of many reforms.Economics of Transition doomed to success and accelerate its transition process if the reforms are not arbitrary but are based on the laws of evolution and verified the system operations.
Local
type There are different types of transition, which differ by the nature of the processes and their scale.Local characterized in that the transition state can be seen on the scale of a single region.It is based on the features and the uneven development of different regions.Local Transition - is the embodiment of the unity of the general, special.As unequal as a form developed in the UK, Germany and France.
Global type
This single process many changes throughout civilization (western and eastern) of the world economy.Initially, these movements provoke the developed countries with economies in transition.Trends that arise in this case, affect the development of already megaekonomicheskih processes.
natural evolutionary type
This type stands out for its character of transient processes globally.However, the local transition economies can also be formed under the influence of natural evolution.In general, all types of transitional economy governed by the law of natural evolution.
evolutionary-reformist type
Such transition to a market economy - is the connection of various transformation processes with the programs of reforming society.However, the laws of the course of evolution are fully preserved in the process.This type tries to inadvertently accelerated by the introduction of reforms and transformations.As an example, Stolypin's reforms in Tsarist Russia.
basic vectors laws
gradual withering away of the socialist rudiments - command economy, totalitarian, leveling, underground market, the shadow of capitalism.Also important vector - this is the genesis of relations of the capitalist economy (the modern economy, based on the market and private property).The trend of socialization (the return of national, group and international values of economic behavior), and the humanization of the total - the foundation of virtually any transformation processes.
inevitable changes
There are three main changes that are irreversible and occur in the transition period: loss of function of the sole disposition of all economic resources of public authorities, the decline of transformation and budget crisis.These patterns are generally quite negative character and can be expressed in a crisis.Since becoming a huge part of the private property, the state loses its monopoly power in economic decision-making.
main tasks on the way to becoming
Transition - a complex process of creating a new type of system, to overcome the disadvantages of the former and provide effective growth management.Such crises, as the reduction of production, inflation and unemployment, due to changes in the economic system.It is therefore necessary to seek solutions to the following tasks:
1. Financial and credit stabilization of the economy through monetary policy.
2. Privatization and denationalization of enterprises in different sectors of production and the development of competition and entrepreneurship.
3 Demonopolization - an important prerequisite for the formation of market competition.Development of the system of restrictions on mergers, downsizing of existing monopolies.
liberalization
Developed countries with economies in transition, special attention should be given to the liberalization of prices that would have balanced supply and demand, eliminate the deficit and create conditions for competition.There are two ways these reforms:
1. Gradual, that is designed for a long time, liberalization.
2. Radical, that is, large-scale and rapid introduction of new reforms, it is called "shock therapy".
also need to take care of the market infrastructure as a system of economic institutions, to create a strong social protection.
structure features of transitional economy
Property rights are crucial in the development of a free market economy, it is particularly in transition economies.Only the owner is able to independently make the necessary decisions and to monitor the results.Employers are trying to increase ownership, as it provides a wider range of choice of business and pricing, which affects income.Transition - is a certain structure of relations:
- chief power in the hands of major shareholders with a high concentration of invested capital;
- followed by many small and medium-sized farms to private or joint-stock property;
- the important role played by municipal and state property.
Countries with a transitional type of economy
In such countries, the origin of all the above changes and changes.Countries with a transitional type of economy in Eastern Europe - it's mostly former members of the Soviet Union.These include: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia, Moldova, Lithuania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan.Also in Central Europe there are countries with a transitional type, who were members of the socialist camp: the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Slovenia.In the political life of these countries play the role of subordinates.Some countries joined the European Union, some of them have become members of NATO.Countries with economies in transition, as defined above, for the moment most of them are in the pre-crisis state.In the early nineties, it embarked on the transition to a market economy from a centrally planned.Very quickly, these reforms were introduced in Poland, more slowly in Hungary, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Slovenia, slowly - in Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria and Belarus.
