far as the process of globalization reflects the realities of the modern world?In the media, in the sayings of politicians, public discussion, the term sounds regularly.The extent to which the frequency of its use reflects the real significance from the standpoint of the individual states?How much is involved in the global processes of Russia, and in what areas it appears the most?
Defining globalization
According to popular definition, under globalization refers to the processes in which there are common for the whole world, or to a large group of standards - in the economy, politics, and social development.
when this trend began to emerge?There is a version that the first examples of globalization can be detected as early as 60-70 years of the 20th century.However, the active phase of the processes in question, came about at the turn of 80-90.According to some experts, this may be due to the fall of the communist regime: the world is no longer divided into two political "camps" and disappeared obstacles to the enhancement of international cooperation in the development of uniform standards in various aspects of development.
Signs of globalization
What signs is characterized by the globalization of the world?Experts call the following.
- First, the change of the world economic space.There is a trend in which businesses that exist in different, disparate on culture and mentality, countries are working on the basis of a common approach.The last are called, according to analysts, the potential to smooth out the contradictions between the cooperating parties.
- Secondly, this blurring of boundaries in a variety of manifestations.This may relate to the flow of information, capital, goods, services.There are also trends of abrasion and political boundaries.Despite the fact that a visit to one of the citizens of other often need a visa, international contacts, expressed in the exchange of cultural experiences, business models, tools, solutions to social problems, in many cases, welcome.
- Third, it is the unification of various kinds of social standards, approaches to the development of education, education.Examples of globalization in this area when it comes to Russia, is the introduction of test systems testing of students (CSE), as is the case in many Western countries.The activities of many trade unions, human rights organizations around the world and is based on a fairly similar standards.
- Fourth, globalization is happening everyday, everyday behavior patterns.This is manifested in many ways.The most striking example - this is probably the "socialization" online.The whole world is sitting in Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and their national counterparts, uses Wikipedia and Google, talking on Skype.Other examples of globalization in everyday life - it's similar standards in the clothing, food.If we talk about developed countries, very few people walking down the street dressed in traditional costumes, national food uses with regularity, which would be comparable to the hikes in the "McDonald's".
Causes of globalization
What is the reason of the fact that integration processes in question, began to occur?Why does the world began to develop in the context of globalization?Experts see several options for explanations.
development of communication channels
First of all, we are talking about the Internet.With access to a global virtual space, people somehow seek to learn the culture of other nations, a new study in the policy, learn from the experience of other countries in various fields.The Internet has become, according to many experts, including the formation of many of the global standards, has contributed to the development of the principles of mutual understanding between nations, the desire to find common ground with regard to the development of world politics.
At the same time, according to some analysts, the Internet has become merely a tool of globalization.The root cause of activation processes in question, lay, according to experts, in other phenomena.Following this procedure, we will try to reveal their essence.
Long-term leadership of the Western political system
given above examples of globalization in everyday life - those associated with common standards of dress and products, we are trying their flesh, would not find any other option but to admit - it all westernsamples.We dress in jeans, invented in the United States.Wear shoes that are invented in its modern form, according to one version, the German designer.We eat pizza Italian origin.A number of experts, likely reasonably believes that Western standards in everyday life any purpose.
Globalization, according to one point of view - is a direct consequence of the political process.After the US-led Western bloc won a victory over the communist, the West with the aim of strengthening the position was "globalize" the planet.Examples of the globalization of the economy are ubiquitous.That the IMF and Forex, and the work of international payment systems, the leaders of the world market - VISA and MasterCard.Of course there are also examples of globalization in the policy on the Western model.First of all, the institutions of the presidency and the parliamentary system.
now few experts to assess the prospects is unequivocally "pro-Western" orientation of the world due to the known political events.However, the fact that at the moment, globalization has largely westernized shade, few dispute.
presence of global problems that need to be solved together
Another point of view concerning the nature of globalization, based on the fact that the development of modern human civilization requires states and nations efforts in solving many problems of planetary scale.They are related to the environment, climate and economic challenges.If the world is believed to be supporters of this point of view, will operate separately, very many states will not be able to cope with problems.As a result - in the world there will a large number of pockets of disadvantage, both in environmental terms and in social, political.Much more than now, when the problem of the world is watching the territories are more or less together.
examples of globalization that would talk about achieving results in solving the world's problems, of course.This, above all, the proliferation of environmental standards being developed in leading laboratories around the world and to developing countries.It is the work of international humanitarian organizations to assist the population of the most economically deprived regions of the world.This spread technologies to at least partially fill the shortage of drinking water.This supply regions of the world where people suffer from viral infections, drugs.
Globalization or Regionalization?
Several experts expressed the idea that absolute globalization, when unified standards in society, politics, business envelop all countries of the world, or at least more of them, is unlikely.It is more appropriate to say, analysts believe that the current model of the relationship between states and nations tends not to ensure that as much as possible to acquire a large number of signs of globality.A more fair to talk about regionalization - that is, combining the efforts of not across the planet, and some of its territories.
It can be both at the policy level and in the economy.Chance and "hybrid" scenario, when taken into account both.There are known examples of globalization in the world economy - dollarization, an active policy of external borrowings, the standards of the WTO.Not every one of them is compatible with the development of individual countries and even regions, analysts say.For example, Russia and its closest neighbors (Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia) prefer to create their own economic space - the Eurasian Union.In order, as many experts as possible to protect their national economies from the costs of contact with the aforementioned global trends.
Or maybe localization?
example of globalization in various fields can be, experts believe, to say that some of the standards adopted for a large number of countries are not very compatible with the individual states.Much more would be better as an option to divide them into those that reflect the specificity of several local nations.There are examples of globalization in Russia, reflecting the fact that, due to the imperfections of standards designed for widespread use, would be better, according to experts, have local rules.
World prevalent airlines belonging to the number of "low-cost airlines."They sell flight tickets are very cheap.For example, if the average standard fare between London and Berlin - about 200 euros, "loukoster" may offer an option for 40 euros.In Russia in 2000, he worked several such airlines.However, none of them could not be fixed on the market.We called different reasons - lack of readiness to take into account the specifics of creating a demand for tickets, a lack of awareness about the features of the infrastructure at the airports.Anyway, "loukostery" first wave could not take into account the local specifics of the Russian market.Of course, now in this segment, new players who are likely to take into account mistakes of predecessors.
We now consider examples of globalization on specific areas.
Financial globalization
begin with finance.Since it is it is one of the components of inclusive globalization.Major capital flows, as estimated number of economists have international origin.Created multinational financial association.The resources of the international investment market largely determine the level and pace of economic development of a large number of states.
According to some experts, the business processes in almost every country of the world can be controlled structures from abroad.Even if we talk about great economic powers such as the USA, Germany, Japan.There is a version that in the early 90's, when the Japanese economy is claimed to be the absolute world leadership, at the level of international institutions, money managers, actions were taken that led to big problems for the economy of this country's original.As a result, this area of Japan until now, according to some analysts, is in recession.
Cultural globalization
If we consider the phenomenon of the globalization of culture, examples of the kind of result can be the first?Probably, this is primarily music.Peoples of the world is rarely hear national melodies.Increasingly - motifs in the manner of modern pop groups.Things are similar with movies.National cinema around the world, experts say, is not always able to compete with the industry formats, which are set at the global level.Culture pastime also largely similar.Cinema, fitness centers, football, shopping - all this is popular in every country.
globalization in society
What can cite examples of globalization in the social sphere?Many experts closely link this aspect to the way the education system is arranged.That is the model type "school-college-work" works in most countries of the world.Anyone familiar well-known thesis that today's global society - a society of consumption.Priorities of citizens belonging to different nationalities and living in quite vzaimootdalennyh States are similar - to earn more money, buy, use.In short, as often as possible and effectively consume.
political globalization
Regarding this aspect among the experts there are so many disparate points of view.On one of them, the political sphere - one of the most protected from the impact of global trends.Another suggests that the national political systems are now extremely small, and operation of power around the world based on common standards.But we look at the most significant examples describing the process of globalization.
First of all, it is related to the political freedoms.Global standards are considered to be multi-party system, pluralism of ideas, freedom to express their own preferences and attitudes, tolerance towards minorities.In many countries these phenomena are.
Another example - the unification of the democratic process.It is a secret ballot, the principle of representation, separation of powers, parliamentary, electoral debates.Procedures for appointments, resignations and impeachments are a global standards.
Technological globalization
Another important and visible aspect of globalization - technological.Its practical expression is ubiquitous.The world uses the same devices on two or three major platforms - iOS, Android, Windows, in the world of accessories, many corporations run the show virtually monopolistic basis.If the market for PC processors, for example, some time ago there was some competition, but now the undisputed leader Intel.The same is true with regard to software and online resources.Most people use Windows, Google, Facebook, even if the hand is an alternative.
Globalization in Russia
What are some examples of globalization in our country?In principle, all aspects of which we have noted above, - popularization of online resources, as well as to simplify life for the benefit of Western standards, largely present in Russia.Institutions of power and built in accordance with the global sample: the president and the parliament is now available in most countries of the world, as well as the principle of separation of powers.
Many experts believe that the examples of globalization in Russia, the most significant in relation to the economic sphere.The argument here - a huge corporate debt, which some economists methodology identified with the state (although, strictly speaking, this is not true).The debt of Russian companies to international financial institutions - hundreds of billions of dollars.However, some analysts, the further integration of the Russian economy into the global processes can be difficult.And not only because of the well-known political events.
The model of economic development, which now have Russia, experts say, is not quite ripe for the implementation of the expected international partners of our country's role in the world.This is due, mainly, echoing the socialist era.Take, for employment records - about them in most developed countries have already forgotten.Also, in many states there are hourly wages and not pay, as the majority of Russian enterprises.
But the global trends in the Russian economy, of course, is, and they are not limited to external debt.What can be called the most significant examples of the globalization of economic life in Russia?This is probably the strong growth in credit markets - both in the segment of individuals and organizations.And that, experts say, despite the very high, by today's standards of developed countries, bank rates.
Another example - the presence of a large number of multinational corporations in Russia and their significant role in the economy.Virtually all segments - retail, consultants, banks, food and drinks - all have global international brands.Even in such strategic sectors of Russia, as the oil and gas industry, the prominent role of foreign partners.Some experts believe that the Russian Federation is the case, as in many Western countries, the business lobby in government circles.And that in a sense is also a global trend.
main challenges of globalization
Consider the most typical problems of globalization.With examples we worked.Among the most typical difficulties that reflect the process in question, experts call the following.
threat to the sovereignty of certain states
There thesis that many countries are taking one or another model of development in the global economy, society and the political system, fall under the direct influence of international organizations.In this connection, it is likely that the state sovereignty, independent decision-making authority may be affected.
inequality in the distribution of resources
In many cases, the state, analysts say, unable to negotiate on equal access in respect of certain preferences.
