Our past experience, goals and motives of playing a major role in the perception of the outside world, its objects and phenomena.
history concepts
The concept of "apperception" put a psychologist G. Leibniz.DSBruner suggested that the term "social apperception."This perception of social groups, nations, races, individuals.Psychologist drew attention to the subjective decision of other people, as opposed to objects and phenomena.Philosopher Immanuel Kant raised the question of the transcendental unity of apperception, the essence of which is that the awareness of his personality can not be separated from the awareness of the environment.
Alfred Adler believed that the apperception - is a life-style, generated by man.On this basis, the psychologist developed a scheme by introducing the term as one of the main links in the perception.IFHerbart apperception suffered in pedagogy, calling her knowledge subjects the material under the influence of previous knowledge and experience.Wilhelm Wundt introduced the term as a special inner mental strength, which causes a person's behavior.
Perception and apperception
Apperception - is one of the most important properties of human mental, the action of which is conditional perception of objects and phenomena in the world, according to his views, interests and experience.Regarding perception, this notion includes receiving and converting the touch information by which a subjective image formed object.The concept explains the understanding of yourself and the other person, and on this basis, the establishment of cooperation and mutual understanding.These two terms are divided renowned scientist G. Leibniz.The psychologist showed that apperception is the main condition for consciousness.And he added to the concept of memory and attention.Thus, the combination is called apperception major mental processes.
physiology of perception
objects of the world have the ability to influence people analyzers.For information degenerated into a complete image, enable complex neural connections.Understanding of perception takes place in the secondary cortical fields.The relationship of the analyzers allows when operating only one of them to collect the whole image of the object as a whole.For example, when he saw the stone, we feel its hardness, cold, smooth or rough surface, although not even touched him.Important part of the activities is the perception of motion.For example, if a special device to stop the eye, man ceases to see the subject.The ability to name objects, that is, to use speech, you can call the images and to easily identify them.Thus, apperception - is the relationship of perception and prior knowledge, experience, interests and attitudes of man.
Features
perception has certain properties.They can be described as meaningful, constancy, and objectivity.The first property is a different perception of different people of the same subject.The reason for this phenomenon is that each person his experience on which it is based.Second - in spite of the changing conditions, the perception of the object properties remain relatively independent.The third property says that all the impressions of the surrounding world, people refer to different objects and phenomena (blue sky, the sound of the human voice, and so on).It related to the subject intelligently.To these new experiences are always mixed with previous experience, knowledge, based on these people know the subject.
perception psychology
sensations in addition to combining a solid image which identifies a person, is its understanding and interpretation.All activities are carried out thanks to the previous knowledge.Thus, we can distinguish the special properties of consciousness:
- categorization.Any object is perceived as a member of the generic class.The specific properties of the group are transferred to the object itself.
- verbal mediation.Due to this property takes abstraction and generalization of the individual properties of objects.
- Effect settings.We can say that it's almost unconscious ability to perceive, react and perceive as experience suggests and motives.
- subjective.Depending on its individual factors, different people perceive the same thing differently.
- Apperception.Perceptions any contents caused by past experiences and knowledge.
One of the founders of Gestalt psychology, M.Vertgeymer, brought six laws of perception.These include:
- proximity effect (an association of nearby pieces).
- effect similarity (objects that are similar in color, shape and so on, are grouped).
- Factor "common destiny" (items are combined for the changes that occur in them).
- Factor closure (better perception of shapes that are closed).
- Factor groups without remainder (a number of items try to group so that individual figures were not).
- Factor "good continuation" (the choice of less curved line of two intersecting or related).
psyche personality
the concept of "mentality" is the ability of subjects to reflect the objects of the world, to build a picture of reality and use it to regulate their conduct and activities.The main properties of the psyche can be identified in the following conclusions:
1. Psyche - property of living, highly organized matter.
2. Mind is able to receive the information about the world and bring forth an image of material objects.
3. On the basis of information received from the outside going regulation of the internal environment of the individual and its behavior is formed.
most common methods of research in the psychology of perception are the tests.This is mainly representatives of two types - characters and thematic apperception apperception.
first test consists of 24 cards with symbols drawn from fairy tales and myths.The test includes the card as it is convenient.The next stage of the research is the proposal to supplement another missing characters.Then again a group, but on the known categories of "love", "game", "power", "knowledge".The subject should explain how their ordering and meaning of the symbols.The result will be to identify priorities and the value orientation of a person.
second test is presented as a set of tables with black and white photographs, which are selected according to the age and gender of the subjects.The objective of the test - to make a story scene, relying on each picture.Use this technique in cases of psychological and differential diagnosis in the selection of candidates for important positions.
test for pediatric
Children's Apperception Test was created L.Bellak and S.S.Bellak.A study carried out by this method with children aged 3 to 10 years.Its essence is to demonstrate the different images, which depict animals involved different activities.The child is invited to tell a story based on the pictures (the animal studies what happens in the image and so on).After describing the psychologist goes to clarifying questions.It is important to show images in sequence, in order of their numbering.
This technique makes it possible to identify the following parameters:
- leading motives and needs.
- relationship with relatives (siblings, parents).
- intrapersonal conflicts.
- Features of protective mechanisms.
- fears, phobias, fantasies.
- behavior among peers.
Taking as a basis for the concept of "apperception" (a conscious, meaningful, thoughtful perception of reality based on past experience), it is important to adjust the time the effect of the acquired knowledge of the child, so that later he developed the right concepts about objects in the world.
