Psychologists from the beginning of formation of the science have tried to classify the characteristics of human personality according to certain criteria.One such classification is the type of temperament, which is based on individual characteristics of the nervous system.Swiss psychologist Carl Jung proposed a different model, based on the movement of psychic energy.From this point of view it has been allocated 2 Attitudes:
- extroversion;
- introversion.
The nature of this phenomenon
for installation of consciousness imply relation to the object or the world.Introversion and extroversion - are psychological ways of human adaptation to the world around him, with these two units are not unique to humans.According to Young, all naturally divided into two groups.Features of the first - in the high speed reproduction, which is accompanied by low life expectancy of the individual and the weak defensive abilities.The second group is individuals with self-sufficiency in terms of self-preservation, but suffers the level of fertility.It is not so hard to understand that extraversion - the first type of behavior in nature, the essence of which is reproduction and dispersal of its energy in all directions, and introversion - the second, where the individual defends itself from any outside influences, wasting a minimum of energy.
extroverts interest is directed to the outside world.The role of the object while others advocate and objects.Thus appears the so-called external reality.For introverts interest is their inner world - the inner reality.
Feature extroverts
Knowing the basics of psychology, you can clearly define the traits of a certain type of personality.For true extrovert following:
- life revolves around external objects;
- value of objects that communicate the kind of person rises;
- build object relations;
- people to him empty, as the only object of observation;
- as the value for the extrovert people is low, then he tries to improve;
- despite the boost of energy, extroverted tire quickly.Due to the high cost of energy in the communication, they prefer to rest in solitude.
Feature introverts
In turn, the introvert can be characterized by the following features:
- abstraction from the object, that is distracting him from the libido;
- movement directed into the inner world, away from the real;
- people perceive personality;
- often objects to introvert are hostile;
- value objects to such a person high, so he's trying to reduce their value, in order not to become attached to them;
- introvert when not being drawn into an active process of communication, the introvert feels good in noisy companies.
internal motives
According to Jung, extraversion - this candor, mobility, ability to get along with the other person, easy adaptability to the situation.Natura with this type of personality quickly creates social ties and affection, with easy swinging misgivings and fears.In an unfamiliar situation extrovert easily taking the risky undertaking.
Introversion is characterized by reflective oscillating nature, seeking solitude.Such individual tend to keep myself away from the facilities and almost always on the defensive.
driving force for the perception, thought and action are external factors extrovert.While an introvert is the antithesis of a nature of things.In the eyes of an extrovert, people with a different type of person is boring and easily predictable, spoiling the pleasure of everything else.At the same time, an introvert who tends to be self-sufficient, treats people with the opposite type of psychological installation as a capricious, superficial bums, who are constantly trying to attract attention in any way possible.
Research introversion and extraversion
psychologist Hans Eysenck gave the pattern according to which the model of personality can be characterized by two factors: Attitudes (extraversion / introversion) and resistance.This system allows you to accurately determine the type of temperament and its orientation.This extroversion / introversion can be expanded to 8 different models.
About Attitudes we talked a little bit higher, so do not dwell on them again.Much more interesting in this regard is a measure of neuroticism.As stated by Eysenck, temperament is largely dependent on the stability of a person.For example, a person with high neuroticism imbalance different mental processes, emotional instability, and the lability of the autonomic nervous system.The individual with this type of person is excitable, with a characteristic variation of mood, suspiciousness, sluggishness and indecision.At the opposite pole neuroticism is characteristic of the person with emotional stability, balance and determination.
Temperament
introversion-extraversion scale and instability-stability is independent and bipolar.That is quite possible to meet the introvert and extrovert like with high neuroticism and low.Traits of individuals in this case will differ greatly.Most people have the features located around the center of the scale of Eysenck.Strong distance to the poles indicates the deviation from the mean value, and thus the severity of personality traits.
In agreeing this scale with four types of temperament can derive a direct relationship.For example, when moving along the horizontal axis from left to right increases extraversion - it reflects the openness of the person.The vertical axis is below the top you can see a decrease in stability.
According to Eysenck temperaments can be described as:
- choleric - unstable, extroverted;
- sanguine - stable, extroverted;
- melancholic - insecure, introverted;
- phlegmatic - stable, introverted.
Introversion-extroversion -
test In order to accurately determine the type of individual psychological installation, you need to turn to a psychologist, who on the basis of several tests can identify it as accurately as possible.For a quick check can make use of various questionnaires, available on the Internet or thematic literature.They allow offhand to assess personality and orientation of the individual.
But it is understood that the accuracy of such tests can be limited in view of sufficient complexity of determining psycho.After extraversion - it is not always completely open type of person.There is a sufficient number of "steps" psychological set.Thus, it is realistic to meet the introvert, which is characterized by sociability and openness on the other hand, closed extrovert.
conclusion that as it may, the test extraversion will identify the strengths and weaknesses of the individual.It is primarily concerned with the degree of excitability, which directly affects the speed of perception and learning.Knowledge of human psycho allows more to choose the right type of activity and profession, as well as helping to avoid conflicts when dealing with an individual completely the opposite type.
