Since 1850 in England began to develop a new trend in poetry and painting.It was called "Pre-Raphaelites."This article presents the main ideas of the artistic community, the subject of creative activity, with the names of the Pre-Raphaelite paintings.
Who are the Pre-Raphaelites?
effort to get away from the boring academic traditions and realistic aesthetics of the Victorian era, a group of artists created its own direction in art.It has penetrated almost all spheres of life, formed a particular behavior and communication of their creators.And the direction of art and his representatives painters wore the same name - the Pre-Raphaelites.Pictures showed their affinity with the early Renaissance.Actually, the name of the fraternity speaks for itself.Painters were interested creators who worked before the rise of Raphael and Michelangelo.Among them - Bellini, Perugino, Angelico.
direction to develop during the second half of the 19th century.
Occurrence
Until the 1850s all British art was under the wing of the Royal Academy of Arts.Its president, Sir Joshua Reynolds, as well as any other representative of official institutions reluctant to accept innovation and experimentation encouraged his students.
In the end, such narrow confines made several artists with similar views on art in general unite in brotherhood.The first of its representatives became Holman Hunt and Dante Rossetti.They met at an exhibition at the academy and during the meeting realized that their views are very similar.
Rossetti wrote at the time the painting "Youth of the Virgin Mary" and Hunt helped him finish it does not matter, but word.Already in 1849 the canvas adorned at the exhibition.The young people agreed that the modern English painting is not experiencing the best period in its history.In order to somehow revive this art form, it was necessary to go back to basics doakademicheskim, for simplicity and sensuality.
main representatives
Initially, Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, a picture which breathed new life into British culture, consisting of seven people.
1. Holman Hunt.He lived a long life, staying true to his views on art until his death.He was the author of several publications, telling members of the brotherhood and describing the Pre-Raphaelite paintings.Among the most famous paintings of the painter - "Shadow of Death" (religious painting of Jesus), "Isabella and the Pot of Basil" (based on the poem by John Keats), "Scapegoat" (written on the basis of biblical tales).
2. John Millais.He is known as the youngest student of the Academy of Arts, which later became its president.John, after a long work in the style of Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood renounced.To feed his family, he began to paint portraits on order, and succeeded.The most remarkable work - "Christ in the House of His Parents" (religious picture, full of symbols of a future life and death of Christ), "Ophelia" (written on the basis of an episode of "Hamlet"), "Bubbles" (painting of the late period of creativity, has become famous as advertisingsoaps).
3. Dante Rossetti.The paintings are filled with the cult of beauty and eroticism of women.His wife Elizabeth was the main muse of the painter.Her death has knocked down Dante.He put her in the coffin of his manuscripts of poems, but after a few years, coming to himself, has made the exhumation and took them from the grave.Notable works: "Blessed Beatrice" (shows the wife of Dante, located between life and death), "Proserpina" (Roman goddess with a grenade in his hand), "Veronica Veronese" (symbolic painting, reflecting the creative process).
4. Michael Rossetti.The brother Dante, who also studied at the Academy.But in the end I chose a path critic and writer.Pre-Raphaelite paintings were repeatedly subjected to it indiscriminately.A biography of his brother.He formulated the basic concept of direction.
5. Thomas Vulner.He was a sculptor and poet.In his early work he supported the idea of the pre-Raphaelites, turned to nature and take into account the minor details.He published his poems in the journal fraternity, but then walked away from their common ideas and concentrate on classical forms.
6. Frederick Stevens.Artist and art critic.Pretty soon he became disillusioned with the talent of the painter and focused on the criticism.He considered his mission to explain the public purpose of fellowship and praise the Pre-Raphaelite paintings.It survived several of his paintings: "The Marquis and Griselda", "Mother and Child", "The Death of King Arthur."
7. James Collinson.He was a believer, so he painted religious subjects.I left the community after Millet painting was criticized in the media and called blasphemous.Among his works - "The Holy Family", "Renunciation Elizabeth of Hungary", "Sisters".
Pre-Raphaelite paintings that caused a lot of controversy, had a number of like-minded people.They are not part of the brotherhood, but stick to the main ideas.Among them - the artist L. Alma-Tadema, designer F. M. Brown, the painter William Deverell, embroiderer M. Morris, illustrator Hughes and others.
Criticism initially
Initially, Pre-Raphaelite paintings were met by critics quite warm.They were like a breath of fresh air.However, the situation escalated after the submission in light of the few religious paintings, written in non-compliance with the canons.
In particular, the painting "Christ in the House of His Parents" brush Millet.On the canvas depicts austere atmosphere, barn, near a flock of sheep which graze.Virgin kneeling before the Infant Jesus, who hurt his hand with a nail.Millet filled this picture symbols.Bleeding hand - a sign of the future crucifixion, bowl with water, which brings John the Baptist - the symbol of Epiphany, a pigeon sitting on the stairs, is identified with the Holy Spirit, the sheep - with the innocent victim.
Critics have called this painting blasphemous.The newspaper "The Times" dubbed painting rebellion in art.Others, pointing to a comparison of the Holy Family with the common people, characterized as the work of Millet outrageous and disgusting.
Rossetti painting "The Annunciation" is also under attack.Painter stepped away from the biblical canon, the Virgin dressed in white robes.On the canvas, it depicts frightened.F. Stone critic compared the work of the Pre-Raphaelites with worthless archeology.
Who knows what would have been the fate of the fraternity, if not on his side made the critic John Ruskin, whose opinion counts all.
Influence authoritative person
John Ruskin was the art historian and has written more than one scientific work before acquainted with the work of the Pre-Raphaelites.What was his surprise when he realized that all the thoughts and ideas reflected in his articles have found their place on the canvas brotherhood.
Ruskin argued for penetration into the essence of nature, attention to detail, suspension imposed canons and image scenes as they should be.All this is included in the program itself and the Pre-Raphaelites.
critic has written several articles for the "Times", which praised the work of artists.He bought some of their paintings, supporting artists and morally, and financially.Ruskin liked the new and unusual manner of painting oil paintings.Pre-Raphaelite subsequently created several portraits of his protector and patron.
Plots paintings
Initially artists turned exclusively to the Gospel subjects, focusing on the experience of the creators of the early Renaissance.They did not seek to fulfill the picture of church canons.The main aim was to transfer philosophy to the canvas.That is why the Pre-Raphaelite paintings as detailed and symbolic.
"Youth of the Virgin Mary" Rossetti was in keeping with the needs of the Victorian era.It showed a modest girl in the care of his mother.It is usually portrayed reading Dante is put into the hands of the Virgin needle.It is embroidered on the canvas a lily - a symbol of purity and innocence.Three flowers on a stem - the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit.Leaves of palm tree with thorns and thistle - the joys and sorrows of Mary.The picture is not meaningless objects, colors and actions - all designed to point out the philosophical sense.
Later artists Pre-Raphaelites, whose pictures attracted public attention began to turn to the topic of human inequality ("Lady Lilith"), the exploitation of women ("Woken modesty"), immigration ("Farewell to England").
important role in the work of the brotherhood played paintings based on the works of English poets and writers.Painters inspired by the works of Shakespeare, Keats, and the Italian Dante Alighieri.
Tunic
Subjects paintings with female characters at the Pre-Raphaelite quite varied.They were united only in one - on their canvases reigned female beauty.Ladies portrayed consistently beautiful, calm, with a touch of mystery.Plots meet different: the curse, death, unrequited love, spiritual purity.
Quite often raised the topic of infidelity, where a woman is exposed to unseemly light.Of course, it brings a cruel punishment for his action.
Women often give in to the temptation and lust in the paintings of the Pre-Raphaelites ("Proserpina").But there is also the opposite story, where a man is the culprit of falling of women (as in the paintings of "Marianne", "Woken modesty").The Model
mainly of models for his paintings the artist chooses friends and relatives.Rossetti often wrote to my mother and sisters ("Youth of the Virgin Mary"), but also resorted to the services of his mistress Fanny ("Lucretia Bourges").While Elizabeth was alive, his beloved wife, female images acquired her face.
Effie Gray, the wife of Millet and ex-wife of Ruskin, captured in the film "The order for the release of" and the portrait of John Brush.
Annie Miller, the bride Hunt, posed almost all the artists of brotherhood.She is depicted in the paintings of "Helen of Troy", "Woken bashfulness," "Woman in yellow."
Landscapes Landscapes wrote only some of the artists in this direction.They came out of the walls of offices and worked in the open air.This helped painters to capture every last detail of the picture is perfect.
spent hours Pre-Raphaelites in nature, so as not to miss a single detail.This titanic work required patience and the ability to create.Probably due to the nature of the program areas of the landscape has not acquired such an extension as other genres.
most fully reflects the principles of drawing nature in paintings Hunt "English coast" and Millais 'Autumn Leaves'.
Decay
After several successful exhibitions of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood began to fall apart.Unifying their love of the Middle Ages was not enough.Everyone was looking his way.Hunt alone remained faithful to the principles of this trend until the end.
Certainty came in 1853, when Millais was membership of the Royal Academy.Brotherhood collapsed completely.Some have moved away from painting for a long time (eg, Rossetti took up writing).
Although the actual cessation of existence, the Pre-Raphaelites acted as the direction for some time.However, penmanship paintings and several general principles of distorted.
Late Pre-Raphaelites
to artists representing a late stage of the flow include Simeon Solomon (work captures the essence of movement aesthetics and homosexual motifs), Evelyn De Morgan (wrote on mythological themes, such as "Ariadne auf Naxos"), illustrator Henry Ford.
There are a number of artists who influenced the Pre-Raphaelite paintings.Photos of some of them often appeared in the British press.It Sophie Anderson, Frank Dixie John Godward, Edmund Leighton and others.
value
Prerafaelitizm called almost the first artistic direction of England, which is famous throughout the world.Every critic or layman has his own opinion and the right to assess the creativity of artists.Sure, only one - is over penetrated into all aspects of society.
now much rethought.Writing new scholarly works, such as "Pre-Raphaelites. Life and work in 500 paintings."Someone comes to the conclusion that the representatives of this trend was the predecessor of the Symbolists.Someone said about the influence of the Pre-Raphaelite hippie and even John Tolkien.
paintings of artists exhibited in the leading museums in Britain.Contrary to popular belief, the Pre-Raphaelite paintings in the Hermitage is not stored.The exhibition of paintings was first shown in Russia in 2008 at the Tretyakov Gallery.
