Regular monitoring of seasonal changes are carried out on the basis of the remarkable phenomena in nature.All the data are structured into a single system.It is called - common phenology.Next, take a closer look with this discipline.Let us find that studying science phenology.
Terminology
phenology official history began in the mid 19th century.The term was first proposed by Charles Morran (botanist from Belgium).Phenology as a science is a system of knowledge and collection of data on seasonal phenomena in nature, their causes and timing of the appearance.Observations are made on the basis of the so-called fenoindikatorov (what it is - will discuss below).Speaking of that phenology studies, it should be mentioned that in the course of studies defined spatio-temporal patterns of cyclic changes of natural objects and groups associated with the movement of the earth around the sun throughout the year.
Indicators
As mentioned above, phenological observations made on the basis of significant natural phenomena.These include, for example, include wild cherry blossom, the emergence of "earrings" on birch or yellowing leaves.All these signs are called "fenoindikatory."They characterize the transition of nature from one phase to another seasonal.
The mean temperature
On the basis of these parameters are more specific definition of natural phenomena.Thus, for example, stable transition to the average daily temperature above 0 degrees is considered climatic advent of spring, and over 15 - summer.Talking about what phenology, we can not say that the whole system is based on an analysis of studies of different duration periods.Thus, for example, discussed in more narrow temperature changing parameters - five degrees.As a result, each season is divided into short intervals - phenological phases.Each period has its own set of natural phenomena (phenomena).Thanks to them, the researchers distinguish one from the other phase.Periods of the most characteristic phenomena have their own names, which are fixed in the national calendar.
method study
seasons and seasons match.Visual phenological observations, is a traditional technique or method studies to detect the onset timing of certain events.In order to achieve comparability of data obtained by different researchers, drawn up special programs, atlases and explanations to them.In such methodical editions described phenophase plants and seasonal phenomena of the animal world.For scientific purposes phenological observations are a way to study the geographical and biological objects and the establishment of laws.
Spring: Understanding
above, regarding the question of what the phenology, we mentioned that this system has a special structure.Furthermore, in the discipline that secrete seasons (relatively long periods corresponding seasons), there are shorter periods of time - phase.So, spring includes 4 podsezona.Each of them has its own indicators.
Melting snow
podsezon This is the first spring.It begins with the formation in the first thaw.Completion period is determined by the first flowering of hazel, hazel and alder.During this stage arrive larks, starlings, gulls and rooks.At birches and maples marked swelling of the kidneys and the movement of juice.In the fields starts to descend gradually disappearing snow, water free from ice.This completes podsezone fishing on the ice and start fishing on open water.Some inhabitants of reservoirs (ruff, chub, nase and dace, ide, pike) are beginning to prepare, and in some places begin to spawn.In some areas is well caught in this period, bream and roach.
Revitalizing Spring
podsezona beginning of the second coincides with the flowering of alder.The most accurate indicator of the period for the inhabitants of the city is considered the mother-and-stepmother, yellowing on vacant lots.Start of phenomena characteristic of this period in Central band usually celebrated 15-20 April.At this time, there is a final disappearance of ice in water bodies.The soil begins to dry out on top.Here are passable for people and available for transport back roads.This, in turn, opens the way for fishermen to remote places.In the second podsezone woodcocks fly and cranes, there are bees, they begin the "voice" of the frog.At the same time it marked the revival of earthworms.For river dwellers ends spawning pike and ide, chub and perch have it continues, and perch and bream - is only beginning.This podsezone on birch buds have blossomed and elm "gathering dust".
height of spring
At the beginning of the third podsezona birches already dressed in green foliage.For approximately two decades, there has been in this warming.Increased air temperature not only during the day but also at night.Green shrubs and trees becomes thicker, it starts blooming orchards.Insect gets larger, as well as songbirds that feed on them.In the fields, meadows and forests observed rapid greening and flowering.In coastal thickets are heard warbling nightingale, and in meadows and fields - quail.She begins to sing and the corncrake, Crake.By the way signs should include the completion of spawning ide and continued at Podust and roach.It starts pike zhor opens bream, had time to spawn in part, chub and carp.On completion podsezona shows blooming purple lilac and mountain ash.
"Predlete"
fourth podsezon characterized by the completion of flowering orchards, vykolashivaniem meadow grasses and winter rye.The phenomena occurring in this period coincide with the flight of dragonflies.On dry land celebrated flowering daisy-daisy, and in damp areas - forget-me.
Summer: 1 podsezon
First of all I must say that this period is divided into three phases.First - this is the beginning of the summer.This step demonstrates flowering wild rose.It, in turn, is accompanied by other phenomena.For example, in the gardens bloom chubushnik and viburnum in the field - rye, toadflax and cornflower water - white water lily.The temperature rises, the air warms up more.At this time, the longest day of the year.There is an increase in temperature in the reservoirs.
"full" summer
beginning of the second, main, podsezona coincides with the flowering linden.This phenomenon is observed in the central belt, usually between 5 and 15 July.In the big cities, however, it happens a little earlier.As an associated pointer onset of summer should use the full maturation of red and black currant, strawberry, and forest - blueberries.They begin to fade and nightingales fall silent cuckoo.In urban lawns and blooming yellow tansy blue chicory.There are grasshoppers in large quantities.
Recession summer
This is the last third podsezon.The period is characterized by the beginning of ripening cranberries.The nights are much longer.At the dawn begins to precipitate cold dew.The temperature of the water in rivers and ponds gradually reduced.The grass that was cut during the haymaking, by this time have time to grow up.
Autumn: beginning
This season, like summer, includes three phases.In the European part of Russia the whole period lasts a little more than 3 months.The beginning of autumn is characterized by the appearance of yellow strands in the crown of an elm, linden and birch.Completion podsezona observed when the number of green-colored leaves and becomes approximately the same.It is most often observed in the last ten days of September, and in moist and warm autumn - in early October.In the woods mushrooms begin to appear.In the air there tenetnik that flies the web.The water continues to cool, but in large bodies of water temperature reduction is uneven, ranging from the upper layer.
"Golden Autumn"
second podsezon characterized by widespread yellowing and defoliation.Forests are gradually beginning to become bare, birds gather in flocks and fly away to warmer climes.Prepare for migration and wandering along roadsides and field margins starlings and rooks.End of leaf fall from elm, aspen and birch indicates the beginning of a deep fall.This period lasts until the first snow.The temperature of the lower and lower, fly south past flocks of ducks, swans and geese.Ground water and the air is cooled faster.
pre-winter
Ends Autumn period, which in this transition to winter.Actually, for this is podsezon got its name.At the beginning of this period, the first snow.The final phase of freeze-up and the formation of Sled way.
Winter
This season is also shared by researchers at three phases.Throughout the period the plants are in deep rest, and from the variety of birds are the only ones that are well adapted to the cold winter weather.The forest is practically empty - almost all animals hibernate, and who does not sleep - hiding in burrows.As a rule, winter begins at the end of November and lasts until about the second half of March.
Pervozime
At the beginning of this first podsezona waters covered solid ice.Since then, the open ice fishing.The final phase in the 20 days of December, the winter solstice.The first time an intensive biting becomes somewhat "capricious" because the ice gets thicker, the days are shorter and the water reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen.
Root winter
This is the second podsezon.It starts, usually in February.At this time, it begins to "sing" great tit.
fracture winter
final phase begins with the addition of the daylight hours.From that moment comes the "spring light."Begin to grow icicles ringing drops.During the day, the sun warms significantly.
relationship phenomena
Returning to the question of what the phenology, we note that under the discipline studied not only natural phenomena.It should be noted the dependence of the length of the seasons and phases of the landscape and geographical territory.All times are interrelated.Each phase occurs at a certain time interval.For example, the spring movement of juice before just comes from maple.After 2 weeks after the start will be marked swelling of the kidney birch, which, in turn, is a signal for anglers: means ide becomes active.As has been said, it is of great importance and the average temperature during the day.While it does not rise above 5 degrees (with a plus sign), the plants remain in a forced rest.
Why research?
phenology methods and objectives are of practical importance, and above all - for the national economy.The regularities underlie drawing seasonal calendars of events.They, in turn, are used in the organization of work on nature protection, the fight against diseases of useful plants, the timely elimination of pests.Information on the period of mass flight of birds are important to aviation.Remote study the Earth's surface requires the optimal timing for the implementation of research terms of migration of birds.Visual results of phenological observations are used in the design of health centers, planning travel routes.Investigations allow to identify local environmental indicators, which, in turn, make it possible to determine the seasonal nature of the condition and to predict the nature of the growing season.
phenological maps, especially large-scale, we need to plan one or other seasonal industries.Natural signals are important in the development of the territories and the development of new animal and plant species.Thus, apart from the fact that such phenology, you can make the obvious conclusion: this is a complex discipline.It includes a variety of techniques and methods of research.All that studying the phenology, makes the most efficient use of the natural environment.
