Many of Sciences is engaged in research of such phenomena as the anthropogenesis.History of the people, their appearance and evolution began to be studied in the 18th century.Until that time, it was believed that the nature of all living things have always been as good as the God created.Next, we look at what is anthropogeny.The paper will be presented the characteristics of the ancient civilization of Representatives.
Terminology
Before you say what anthropogenesis, it should be noted that the study of this phenomenon are engaged in such sciences as paleoanthropology, linguistics, genetics and others.Taking into account the evolutionary context, it should be noted that the term "people" should be attributed not only to the living today, but to an extinct species of the genus Homo.Now consider the definition.Human evolution - is part of the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens.Reasonable people separated from other hominids, placental mammals and monkeys.Talking about what anthropogenesis, we should say that this is not just separation.The whole process is a historical, evolutionary formation of the people and from the physical point of view.It includes the original language development and employment.
General
According to the theory of anthropogenesis, the genus Homo segregated about two million years ago.This occurred, according to researchers in Africa.While there are several types of people.Most of them died.The representatives of the types should, in particular, include erectus and Neanderthals.Talking about what anthropogenesis, it should be noted that the studies cover not only Homo sapiens.Science studies and other hominids, Australopithecus, for example.
Stage
process of evolution - Etap anthropogenesis (Ukr.) - Was not a disaster.Formation of Homo sapiens, his separation took place gradually.The most important stages of anthropogenesis - is the emergence of language, the development of the fire and the start of production of appliances for labor.People began to use stone tools, starting with Homo habilis.Each new generation of more elaborately manufactured items than the previous one.It should be noted that during the last 50 thousand years of culture and technology is changing much faster than it was in past ages.It stages anthropogenesis indicate the separation of people from other hominids.Evolving, they separate a from the animal world.
depth study
As was said above, the problem of anthropogenesis become explored in the 18th century.The idea that everything is a result of God's creation, it was quite common.But, despite this, gradually conscious of social culture, science began to assert the theory of anthropogenesis.Ideas about the evolution occupied the minds of many researchers.The problem of anthropogenesis rather quickly became one of the most important scientific problems of the people.
Gominizapiya
Humanization included the development of a number of skills.In particular, people began to walk straight, increased their body weight, complicated structure of the brain.This occurred neentseaizatsiya.During this process it evolved cerebral cortex.Biological anthropogeny accompanied by the formation of arms adapted to work, articulate language, conceptual thinking, intelligence.It has become apparent, and the social organization of the people.In the process of evolution began to take shape the material culture of human rights.
Uneven process
As the researchers suggest, the rate of change of morphological character, apparently not fully coincide with the rate of molecular and biochemical evolution.For the process has not been characterized by strict compliance with the progress of culture and morphological and functional organization.This uneven development manifested itself in physical type material forestall the formation of the complex relative to other systems bipedalism gominidizatsii.Homo sapiens began to walk on two legs approximately 3.6-3.8 million years ago.
philosophical view
According thinkers anthropogenes driving forces, the main of which is considered work, allowing people to not only separate, but also stand up to a higher level of evolution compared to other living beings.The formation of Homo sapiens, many philosophers considered a qualitative leap, the advent of new forms of social movement of matter.Gominidizatsiya, according to thinkers - a break in the gradual evolution of living organisms.Dialectical relationship between social and biological progress of people explains the Marxist-Leninist doctrine.According to him, it became gominidizatsiya organic inclusion of a higher form of motion of matter (social) low, which is not repealed, but only subject to and converted.
Formation science
The whole process was accompanied by an increase in the amount of information.First of all it concerns the initial period of the people.Development anthropogenesis as a science was accompanied by the spread of a comprehensive study of the most important locations, the creation and implementation of objective methods (mainly radiometric).Equally important in the research process has been and dating finds.Scientific figures used biomolecular approaches to phylogeny reconstruction.Talking about what anthropogeny, the researchers noted that it is a complex process, wherein the nature of non-straight course.In addition, scientists point to the extremely high volatility of fossil populations.
Ramapitekoidnaya hypothesis
early stages of formation of the common trunk of people and apes can be seen in primates in Central Burma.Their absolute age of about 40 million years.Approximately 10 million years younger than their primitive monkeys inhabiting North Africa (Egypt).Aegyptopithecus investigated as an ancestor of the later group driopithecus.Among them, from the time of Charles Darwin are searching genealogical roots people and apes.In determining the period of Homo branch lines there are some differences.Among the existing one popular hypothesis is "ramapitekoidnaya."According to her original form for people to take ramapithecus.They were a highly developed anthropoid apes.Ramapithecus lived in East Africa, West, East and South Asia and Central Europe.Investigations were carried out mainly on the tooth-jaw fragment having absolute dating from 14-15 to 8-10 million years ago.
Another view
Some researchers believe that the morphological differences from other modern Ramapithecus driopithecus they were insignificant.In accordance with this hypothesis, the separation of the genus Homo was not before 10 million years ago, and probably later, 8 million years.It should be noted that these figures are consistent with the larger molecular anthropological data.In the separation line Homo happened formation of speech skills acquired bipedalism, had changes in brain structure and others.All of this is a specific adaptation of people to the environment.In the evolution of the survival of individuals and their groups was mainly dependent on the use of guns.
oldest representatives
With the transition to a new level person responsible for the formation of a special group of hominids.The representatives of this family were early australopithecines - highly bipedal apes.They live in Africa, mostly in Eastern and Southern.Members of the family lived 5-4,5 million years ago.The ancients believed Australopithecus afarensis.This Australopithecus, allegedly, could be a common ancestor, and later members of this family, and the human race.The first members of the family appeared about two million years ago.Skeletal remains of Homo habilis found with ancient objects stone culture, which was first discovered in Tanzania in the gorge Oldovay.However, the researchers do not exclude not only the use but also the production of other guns bipedal australopithecines.However, for unknown reasons, a great ability to adapt with the help of culture shown by representatives of the human line.Later australopithecines became extinct about one million years ago.After a while the form was replaced by Homo habilis Homo erectus (pryamohodyachy people).This was about 1.6-1.5 million years ago.
Change kinds
It happened in East Africa.Homo erectus in the Old World are well represented.Representatives of the species living in Asia, Africa and probably Europe.They inhabit these territories to 400-300 thousand. Years ago.Archanthropines (so called these ancient people) were made more modern devices for work.Subsequently, in the period from 300 to 40 thousand years ago, large areas of space extratropical Eurasia and Africa settled Paleoanthropes.From a morphological point of view it was a very diverse population.Usually, it is associated with the cultures of the Paleolithic (Wed Stone Age).Most of the findings related to Neanderthals.They, in turn, considered, or as an independent or as a subspecies of modern man.In the Old World at the end of Wed.Paleolithic began to appear neanthropines.It was the first modern humans.Until now, single known their findings.Neanthropines existed 100-70 thousand. Liters.ago likely before.They live in East Africa, the Near East, the Crimea and other territories.
period separating line Homo sapiens
On this issue, there are some differences.Most researchers believe that there was a separation in the middle or early Upper Pleistocene.This remains unclear, whether held sapientatsiya (the formation of the modern human species) branched or gradual transformation of taxa against the general rise of the level of organization.It must be said that the latter is more likely to later stages of anthropogenesis.Given the differences, it is difficult to set a specific ancestor of Homo sapiens, as sapientatsiya appear, accompanied by mixing of populations.This in turn led to the evolution of the "reticular type."Sapientatsiya held in different regions of Eurasia and Africa at different speeds.Presumably, not all groups were able to reach the level of ancient Homo sapiens.In the presence of the general laws of historical evolutionary conditions for their implementation would depend on the environmental and other factors.The accelerated pace characteristic of the ancestors who lived in the Near East, South-Eastern Europe and East Africa.Supporters of the two main hypotheses about the place where there were Homo sapiens, these regions include the zone sapientatsii first.
final stage
Approximately 40-35 thousand. Liters.back view of Homo sapiens became the only representative of hominids on the planet.By the Upper Paleolithic people began to settle in America and Australia.Large races - Mongoloid, Negro Australoid and caucasian - presumably arose later.They were formed in the process of intraspecific differentiation prevailing at the time Homo sapiens.In the formation of their relatively small contribution made by fossil hominids previous stages.The Paleolithic (lower and middle) there were only isolated signs of races;the top does not have any way existing racial groups were only beginnings.During this period, the number of people increased slowly.
Factors anthropogenes
People in the process of evolution got a great advantage - the ability to adapt to any area of the ecumene.At the same structural features of the species remained unchanged.Of great importance in the process of sapientatsii had biological factors anthropogenesis.One of the main natural selection.They were fixed those heritable changes that contributed to the formation and implementation of the work.As for the primitive hominid society, the progress of social organization is largely dependent on the biological characteristics of humans.However, with time zone spread narrowed natural selection.This was facilitated by the formation and establishment of social laws, the creation of cultural environment.If anthropogeny affect modern man, natural selection acts as a mechanism for maintaining the already established organizations within the species norm reactions or as a sign of intraspecific polymorphism.Last beneficial mind as different in terms of the genetic forms, which have the advantage of a variety of conditions conducive to increasing the overall fitness.Perhaps it is well formed race and "adaptive types."Over the past should be variations morphological and functional organization that formed during the development of these or other climatic zones with very different environmental conditions.
Holocene
What is modern anthropogenesis?During the current geological epoch marked chain multidirectional changes.They affect the overall dimensions of the body shape of the head, massive skeleton, brain size, morbidity and other features.These advances biological parameters can not be observed in all populations, they tend to be cyclical in nature, it is generally keeping within the scope of specific lines of Homo sapiens.Among these changes is epochal and acceleration.
scientific material
Since a person is considered both biological and social being, anthropogenesis and sociogenesis inextricably linked.By the first half of the 19th century anthropologists, paleontologists, archeologists have accumulated extensive empirical material.It became the foundation of the doctrine of anthropology.In studies of great importance was the work of Boucher de Perthes (French archaeologist).In the mid-19th century, he was looking for stone tools and use them to prove the primitive people who lived in the days of mammoths.The discoveries of archaeologists began refutation of biblical chronology and met quite a stormy public opposition.Boucher de Perthes was recognized only in the science of the 60th years of the 19th century.
Darwin's ideas
In 1856, after the discovery of the skeleton of a Neanderthal and a number of previous similar findings in the second half of the 19th century, in science a new direction, known as paleoanthropology.Thanks to him was accumulated factual material allowed to raise the question about the similarity of humans and monkeys in terms of anatomical and biological progress of people in previous eras.The latter was put Darwin shortly after the publication of "The Origin of Species."However, in this work, he wrote that soon will be better understood and the origin of human history.
scientific debate
The origin people became the subject of dispute between Richard Owen and Thomas Huxley.Last convincingly described the differences and similarities between apes and humans.By the time Darwin published a second book on the origin of which, it should be noted, despite the fairly widespread, sparked heated debate.However, some supporters of the idea of evolution, such as Charles Lyell and Alfred Wallace, did not understand how morality and mental abilities could appear in humans by natural selection.
Research presented today
According to the current hypothesis, people are the result of the formation of matter for 13.7 billion years.They are the most difficult to organize the type of all observed.Here we are talking not only about the human mind, the brain, or some form of social organization.It is believed that as a result of inflationary vacuum, which is a state of matter prior to the Big Bang, where the particles had a "virtual" existence, worked his way up to the individual, existing today.This theory is called the universal evolutionism.
In conclusion
anthropogenes problem as a matter of appearance of the essential properties of people, formed relatively recently (in comparison with the global evolution), focuses on the appearance of Homo sapiens.In this regard, it is closely associated with bioevolution.Since the time of Darwin's problem is due to the adaptation of living beings to the conditions of a changing environment under the influence of three factors.These include mutation, selection and heredity.As a result, it is believed that this "evolutionary law," under the influence of environmental changes simian precursor of modern man got the characteristic properties.
