Some linguists believe that the Russian language is rich in the case.It is understood that they are not six, as the students are studying, and more.And, as it turns out, they have every reason to adhere to this opinion.So, how many of the cases in the Russian language?Let's try to sort out this issue.
Case system
term "case" in Greek sounds like a "fall", and from the Latin - "fall".
case (declination) - grammatical category, designed to show the role of syntactic nouns and their interaction with other words of the sentence.Besides the noun change on cases and adjectives, participles, numerals, pronouns.It is worth noting that the deaths of these adjectival declension of words depends on the noun.Expressed as a change in the end of it.
How many of the cases in the Russian language?
considering the morphology of Russian language, commonly referred to as the six major plagues:
- nominative (the original form of inducement).
- genitive.
- Dative.
- accusative.
- Instrumental.
- Prepositional.
These Cases referred mainly due to extensive use.In addition, it is worth noting that their prevalence is linked to the fact that part of the speech that were mentioned earlier, have grammatical forms for these cases.
For correct declension of words you need to know that all affixes answer questions.Additionally, each of them expresses multiple values.Take a look at each in more detail.
nominative
relevant questions "who?", "What?" To recognize this case, you need to add to the noun word "is."For example: there is (what?) Lamp.Used without prepositions.Singular has the end:
- decline 1: -a -n.
- decline 2: -o, -e, or zero.
- decline 3: zero ending.
A plural: s, s, s, th.
Since the nominative case form of the original acts of speech, his responsibilities include:
- give the name of the subject of an action or state ( mother cleans, children tired );
- determine characterize the object, person or action (n Asha's daughter - a doctor, a war - a disaster );
- call the subject, object, action, property (used in sentences of the type: morning. The sun .);
- Express appeal to the other party ( kid, how old are you ?).
genitive
relevant questions "who?", "What?" To recognize this case, it is necessary to the noun substitute the word "no."For example: not (what?) Of snow.It is used with prepositions near, at, and after, no, about, from, to, around, to, from, with .One number is determined by such endings:
- declination 1: s, s.
- decline 2: -a -n.
- decline 3: s.
plural has the ending: zero, Female, -ev, -s.
genitive can indicate:
- Affiliation object ( machine son ).
- Media properties ( blue sky ).
- object that the action is directed ( watching TV ).
- entity that performs actions ( visit mom ).
- Parts of the whole ( piece of cake ).
Dative
Words in dative answers the question "who?", "What?".To detect this case, it is necessary to the noun substitute the word "give."For example: women (who?) Sister .Drink pretexts to at .The singular words ending in the dative:
- decline 1: e, s.
- decline 2: y, th.
- decline 3: s.
plural declension characteristic closure: -am, -yam.
Words in dative are used to denote:
- addressee action ( gave the magazine a friend, wrote a letter to my mother );
- subject of the action or condition ( children could not sleep ).
accusative
relevant questions "who?", "What?".To detect this case, it is necessary to the noun substitute the word "see."For example, I see (what?) Mother.It is used with prepositions in for, on, about, through .The singular end of the match:
- declination 1: y, th.
- decline 2: -o, -e.
- decline 3: zero ending.
Plural: zero ending, s, s, s, -n, -s.
accusative in turn:
- Indicates object of the action ( clean room, sew a dress ).
- expresses the amount of space, distance, measure time (kilometer drive, weigh a ton, wait a year, cost a penny) .
Instrumental
relevant questions "who?", "What?".To detect this case, it is necessary to put a noun word "proud."For example: proud (what?) Son.Drink pretexts for, over, under, in front, with .Singular is the end:
- decline 1: th (-oyu), -s (-eyu).
- decline 2: th, -em.
- decline 3: th.
Plural: -s, forecasts, estimates.
Instrumental intended to mean:
- Permanent or temporary employment of some activities ( serves as a soldier, worked as a plumber ).
- subject of action - for the construction of passive ( house demolished workers ).
- object of the action ( breathe oxygen ).
- instruments or means of action ( handle peroxide ).
- Locale ( go footpath ).
- Mode, mode of action ( sing bass ).
- measures the amount of time or something ( carry buckets ).
- Parameter object ( size of a fist).
- Joint persons and objects ( siblings ).
Prepositional case
relevant questions "about?", "What?".To detect this case, it is necessary to put a noun word "think."For example: I think (for whom?) On the favorite.It is used with prepositions in for, oh, about, about, when .Singular is the end:
- decline 1: e, s.
- decline 2: -e.s.
- decline 3: s.
plural ending in: Ah, ies.
prepositions that are used with nouns in prepositional help define what it stands for.Namely:
- object action ( to think about the girl ).
- Scene, state ( sit on a chair ).
- time after performing some actions ( arrival ).
Additional Cases
In the Russian language, in addition to the six major plagues, identify several forms having disputed status close to the case.Yet they are called cases of nouns, since they are intended exclusively for their declination.These include: a second genitive (partitive or quantitative ablative), the second prepositional (locative, local), the second accusative (prevratitelny inclusive, collective), vocative form (vocative), counting, zhdatelny, lishitelny case.A feature of these forms is that each of them is found in a limited number of words.Moreover, they may exist in certain contextual conditions.A little study of these cases.Examples will help us to better deal with them.
second genitive declension for some of the words in the masculine singular, relating to the second declension: a cup of tea, a spoonful of sugar.End of mortality, namely, "y", often used in colloquial speech is not mandatory (it is possible to talk bag of sugar or a sugar bag ).The exceptions are isolated cases: drink tea .Quite a lot of masculine nouns are not used in the form of partitive: ice cube, a piece of bread.
Second prepositional decline inherent in the special end of the group of nouns in the singular with the masculine gender.Mortality is used, for example, in the following words: on the beach, in the closet, in the battle .Also for locative transfer characteristic emphasis on nouns ending in certain third declension with the feminine and the singular: in silence, broke, in the oven.
second accusative is found in some verbs ( enroll, ask to choose to go, ready, break out, labeled etc.) After the preposition "in".Besides its termination are the same as in the nominative plural: ( join the pilots) .
Zhdatelny case almost coincides with the genitive, but it can be recovered as a result of decline of some words with the same grammatical form in form accusative: wait (who? What?) And telegrams wait (who? What?) Brother .
Counting deaths is slightly different from the genitive and is used to run: two steps, three tablespoons .
vocative is almost identical to the nominative form, but differs form an independent turn of phrase, such interjections: Wan, Mush, Singing, Tan .That is, it is often used colloquially to refer to the other party.
Lishitelny case is kind of accusative, however, is only the denial of the verb: not have the right not to know the truth .
How many of the cases in the Russian language, wearing complementary?According to our calculations they turned seven.But the most interesting thing is that some linguists considered complete only two deaths: local (second prepositional) and prevratitelny (second accusative).Others argue that zhdatelny case also has some meaning.But since lishitelny and second genitive very often can be replaced genitive, they can be called only options genitive form of decline.Vocative and counting also often do not consider the cases.In the first case it is simply a noun in the nominative case, and the second - the noun form of the adjective.
summarize
After reading the above information, you can answer the question about how many of the cases in the Russian language.So, we are studying at the school six major cases.They are used on a daily basis for any form of communication: conversation, correspondence and so on.. But, besides them, allocate seven forms of inducement, which are found mainly in the spoken language.How many of the cases it turns out the most?We can safely say that they are thirteen.Given that additional forms of inducement options are basic, they do not offer to study at the school to facilitate the learning process.But we can offer to familiarize with them vneklasnnoe time for the overall development.
