Senate called one of several top management bodies in the country that deal with matters of appointments, political investigations, the definition of domestic and foreign policy.The state apparatus of modern laid their versions of this institution in Russia, the USA, Italy and France, Spain, Belgium, Kazakhstan, Czech Republic, Poland, Australia, Colombia and many others.Often referred to as the body in a different way - the upper house of parliament (the legislative assembly).
Determination
Senators - are officials for the posts in the same institution.However, in some countries, the modern democratic system this term is called separation, a part of the higher courts.
To define what the word "senator", please refer to the Latin roots of the word.In the ancient language, now is not used in colloquial speech is the word «senatus».It gives the definition of a group meeting older people and, in turn, comes from the «senex», which means "old man."The very origin of the term is closely related to a form of social organization in which power belonged to the tribal elders would later be referred to as senators.It lasted about a thousand years during the existence of ancient Rome.First introduced in the old era, the idea of the Senate as a political institution raises many countries for a considerable historical period to the present day.
first Senate
However, now and in the ancient senators - two different officials.Then they were considered representatives of the upper class.This was the title of his life.The emperor had the power to appoint people to these positions, and they passed their position is inherited.With the establishment of the republic about the 6th century BC.e.Senate originated from the council of elders representing the patrician clan.On a par with other public entities, he became a big part of social life.Its members were ranked former magistrates for life that is the concentration of political power and the experience of Rome.
Senators carried out a preliminary review of draft laws, directed military affairs, defined foreign policy, finances, take care of public property, were overseeing the religious faiths, declared a state of emergency.In practice, they are led by the state.
Their decisions have the force of law.In the Roman period, the power of the senators gradually limited, relentlessly focusing on the emperor.As the governing body has become a meeting of representatives of the noble rich families, every senator, who inherited the position ceased to have a great political influence.
Russian way
In Russia, the first king of the senate founded by Peter the Great in 1711 as the highest organ of state power and the legislative activity.Since the beginning of the 19th century it became an institution to carry out a supervisory role over the work of public education.And, according to a high decree, since 1864, it was assigned to another important matter - act as the supreme court of cassation.However, it existed until 1917, the Senate and its members have been dismissed as a result of the events of the October Revolution on demand "Decree on the court."
Tsar Peter the Great often depart from the country, which prevented him from fully devote himself to the management of the state.For the purpose of delegation of power, he repeatedly instructed affairs elected individuals.The first time these powers looked like a temporary private instruction.But from 1711 these responsibilities were assigned to the new institution, called the Government Senate.It was not like foreign institutions of that time (Poland, Sweden), and was designed to meet the peculiar conditions of Russian life.The amount of power provided to the officials was determined by the decree of the king, which clarified the impact on equal terms with the person of His Majesty.This is to some extent affected the meaning of the word "senator" in Russian interpretation.
Petrine reforms
When Peter ceased regular absences, the question of the dissolution of the senators did not arise.The institution becomes an organization where there are important matters of management, legal proceedings and developments of the current legislation.In recent years, the reign of Peter the extraordinary powers of senators lost their meaning, especially in the legislative business.Founded in 1726, the Supreme Privy Council began meeting the power, with the result that the position of the Senate has changed radically, but many of its members moved to positions in the Council.
The following almost two hundred years founded by Peter the organization has undergone many changes: it was divided into departments, altered the study, the Committee of Ministers, shared powers, duties and rights, both inside and along with other state institutions.The arrival of the revolution and the people's government at the beginning of the 20th century made it impossible for its continued existence.The institution and its members were exempt from duties.
latest period
first prototype of the Senate of the Soviet era in Russia has been realized by the example of the Federation Council (informal abbreviation - the Federation Council) in July 1990 as an advisory body under the President of the USSR in 1990-1991.He headed directly to the head of the country and included in the apparatus of the higher officials.It included 31 members from among the chairmen of the Councils of the autonomous republics, regions and districts, as well as chairman of some 31 regional and city authorities.By drawing an analogy with a number of foreign institutions, people began to call the Federation Council by the Senate and its members - senators.
Today in Russia established upper chamber of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.It is based on the authority of the Soviet period, and works on the principle of the classical Senate.The Federation Council may not be dissolved by the President.The meetings it held separately from the meetings of deputies in the State Duma.Works as a permanent body, the members of the Board perform their duties on a permanent basis.
upper chamber
This state body is formed and is composed of non-partisan basis.This definition means that its members do not create factions and parties.Representatives of the Upper Chambers have immunity for the whole term of office.Legislative work concerning the establishment of the State Duma takes a subordinate role.Thus, acts previously discussed in the Duma, and only after a positive assessment are submitted to the Federation Council.
Over the last past 20 years Russian "Senate" passed four stages of reform.Each of them carried a change of regional leaders, refined mechanisms appointments, determined by the entrance requirement.For example, in the number of general requirements for electoral candidates present age limit of 30 years, the need for 5 years osёdlosti and impeccable reputation.Each senator in Russia - it is the legislature or the executive body of the Federation.
How this is done in America
Senators - This is the second political influence of people in the state after the governor.Their total population in the US - 100 members, two representatives from the state.Being selected for the post of US Senator, as a rule, it is much more complicated than the congressman:
- are only two people from the state and no more;
- US senators are elected for six-year term, ie. E. Every 2 years campaigning for a third of the total membership;
- election procedure is able to take a large number of financial and psychological resources.
to have real chances of the official candidate in the Senate, the law requires:
- sufficient time to be a famous person, preferably at the state and federal level in the political climate;
- have a good social status: the governor, a congressman with the experience, the mayor of a large city, and to achieve other advantages;
- centers around a large influence and financial capabilities;
- each candidate must be nominated by the state party organization, non-partisan fighter to win the elections in the states is very difficult.
election campaign for the Senate to pass a fierce manner as the election of the president.During the year, wasted millions in the media every now and then pop up the scandals.Competing in the fight against one candidate from the Republican and Democratic parties.If the new choice has shown good results for the first time, then at the next election, he is almost invincible.Senator in the United States - a civil servant holds office sometimes up to 30 years.
Responsibilities Senator
member of the Senate of any state is endowed with a number of powers and responsibilities the performance of which requires its voters.Since the essential work consists of discussions, meetings and documents, the officer will certainly have to take an active part in private meetings of the entities of which he is.Senators are considering bills that determine the internal and external policies of the Company participating in the leadership of Finance, State Property, cultural affairs, industry, and education.A member institution of its position provides equal representation of each of the subjects of the federation in the supreme organ of power.He is elected for a longer period than the parliamentarians and their total number is updated more frequently.Senators have the same duties as members of the lower chamber.The interaction of the Senate with the Parliament is to filter solutions with a populist bent.
