studying Russian and world literature, each student is faced with a figure of speech is not peculiar to the literary language.The question arises, what is the classic definition of these expressions, what is the history of their origin and role in communicating our contemporaries.
What is slang?
This is a lexical unit (as a single word and phrase), which is not peculiar to the canons of the literary language.The use of these revolutions spread unofficially.Jargon - is conditional colloquial words and expressions used in certain social groups.Moreover, the emergence, development, transformation and output from such a figure of speech occurs in a well-insulated part of the society.
jargon - is a duplication of the literary language in a form comprehensible only talking to people in a particular group.This deviant not recognized synonyms classic definition of objects, actions and definitions.Slang words each social unit of society form inaccessible to the uninitiated understand the language of communication, the so-called slang.
Origin and differences
word "jargon" occurs, according to V. Dahl ("Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Language"), from the French jargon.It differs from the standard literary language:
- specific vocabulary and phraseology.
- Brightly colored, expressive momentum.
- Maximum use of derivational forms.
- own lack of phonetic systems.
- Disobeying the rules of grammar.
Today jargon - is not just a chat verbally, but also an effective means of artistic expression.In modern literature, these words deliberately used along with metaphors, synonyms, adjectives to strengthen and give a special color content.
Originally dialect, slang is the intellectual property of certain strata of society, in some cases, no longer exist.These days it is the whole people, and vocabulary, with its own social dialects and vocabulary of literary language, which uses several figurative meanings of the same word, set in a specific group of society.Who formed and expands conditionally called the "general fund", ie. E. The words transformed from an initial value of one kind of jargon in public definition.For example, in the language of the thieves slang word meaning "dark" - "to hide the loot" or "away from the responses to questioning."Modern youth slang interprets it as "keep back, expressed in riddles."
How is the jargon lexicon?
words and combinations based on existing base in the medium of their appearance dialectal differences and language morpheme.Methods of education: giving different values metaphorization, rethinking, re-registration, the sound truncation, active learning vocabulary of foreign languages.
examples of jargon in the Russian language, emerged in the above manner:
- young man - "man" (coming from the Roma);
- close friend - "gёlfrend" (of English);
- authoritative - "cool";
- apartment - "hut" (from the Ukrainian).
also actively used in their appearance associative array.For example: "dollars" - "brilliant green" (the color of the American banknotes).
history and modernity
Social jargon - is common words and phrases, first seen in the XVIII century in the noble circles, the so-called "Salon" language.Fans and admirers of all the French often use distorted words of the language.For example, "fun" was called "Plaisir".
initial appointment jargon was maintaining the confidentiality of transmitted information, the original encoding and recognition of "us" and "them."This feature is "secret language" is stored in the environment as a gang of anti-social elements and it is called "thieves' slang."For example: a knife - a "pen", the prison - "theater", to call - "dial numbers".
Other types of slang - school, student, sport, professional - almost lost this property.However, the youth speech, he still has a function in the community to identify "outsiders".Often, teen lingo - a way of self-affirmation, an indication of his membership of a number of "adult" and the condition of the adoption of a specific company.
Using special slang is limited topics of conversation: the subject of conversation, usually expresses the specific interests of a narrow circle of people.A distinctive feature of the dialect slang - the major share of its use accounts for an informal chat.
Species jargons
One, a clear division of jargon at the moment does not exist.Similarly, you can classify only three areas: professional, youth and criminal slang.However, you can identify patterns and arbitrarily distinguished from jargon lexicon inherent to specific groups of society.The most common, and have an extensive vocabulary in terms of the following types of jargon:
- Professional (by specialties).
- military.
- Journalist.
- Computer (including gaming, internet slang).
- Jargon Fidonet.
- Youth (including areas - school, student slang).
- LGBT.
- Amateur.
- Sleng addicts.
- Sleng football fans.
- Criminal (Fenya).
special kind of
professional jargon - words simplified by reducing or associations vocabulary used to refer to the special terms and concepts in a particular environment specialists.These sayings were due to the fact that most of the technical definitions of a pretty long and hard in pronunciation, or no value at all in today's official language.Words slang present in virtually all professional associations.Their derivation is not subject to any special rules for slang.However jargon are a distinct feature, as a convenient tool for communication and dialogue.
Jargon: examples used programmers and Internet users
For the uninitiated, is rather peculiar and difficult to read computer slang.Here are some examples:
- «Wind" - the operating system Windows;
- «wood" - the driver;
- «dzhobat" - work;
- «zaglyuchil" - she stopped working;
- «a server" - server;
- «Claudia" - the keyboard;
- «prog" - computer programs;
- «hacker" - a cracker programs;
- «user" - the user.
Blatnoi Slang - slang
very common and peculiar criminal slang.Examples:
- «Malyava" - a letter;
- «pipe" - a mobile phone;
- «ksiva" - passport or identity card;
- «cock» - the prisoner, "dipped" cons;
- «stool" - a toilet;
- «Urca" - a prisoner to escape;
- «simpleton" - a person who resides in freedom;
- «Cross" - a prison;
- «godfather" - head of the regime of the colony;
- «goat" - a prisoner collaborating with the prison administration;
- «Zerika" - cubes backgammon;
- «zaochnitsa" - girl, familiarity with which was held in the colony;
- «sit" - free after the conclusion;
- «Filter Bazaar" - I think that you pronounce;
- «mistress" - the boss penal colony;
- «dumb bazaar" - no questions;
- «No Air" - ran out of money.
School Slang
Jargon peculiar and widely distributed in the school environment:
- «teacher" - the teacher;
- «istorichka" - history teacher;
- «klassuha" - class teacher;
- «kontroha" - control work;
- «Domashka" - homework;
- «fizre" - Training;
- «bot" - Excellent;
- «Spur" - crib;
- «couple» - two.
Youth Slang: examples
slang term used among adolescents:
- «Gavrik" - nerdy man;
- «chick" - a girl;
- «dude" - the guy;
- «remove heifer" - to seduce the girl;
- «klubeshnik" - the club;
- «diskach" - a disco;
- «throw Ponte" - to stick out its advantages;
- «base» - apartment;
- «ancestors" - parents;
- «cracked his" - to talk;
- «umatovo" - excellent;
- «Otpad" - wonderful;
- «clothes" - clothes;
- «pret" - very much.
Features of foreign language vocabulary
English lexicology has three synonymous terms: cant, slang, jargon.To date, a clear separation between them is established, but there have been the scope of their use.So, cant refers to the conditional language of certain social groups, such as the thieves' argot or school slang.
Mark dictionaries jargon is present in the designation of specific technical terms, that is, corresponds to the subspecies Russian jargon.
also jargon, cant slang and colloquial expressions, and indicate the word-vulgarisms.They are characterized not only the kind of use Wednesday, but also a violation of grammar and phonetics of all existing literary norms.
In English slang - it cant and jargon, including single words, phrases and figures of speech.They occur under the influence of entire social groups and individuals due.
English jargon often found in the works of the artistic style of the transmission characteristics of the characters.Typically, the author gives an explanation of the use of slang words.
Many words that were originally only means speaking now won the right to be used in classical literature.
In modern English slang played a major role in communicating the representatives of various professions.Very often they meet in the student's field, the field of sport, including the military.
It should be emphasized that the presence of jargon, their irrational use in everyday communication language litters.
Translation jargon
Dialects and slang expressions - familiar to many linguists and translators concepts.While summarizing the information about them and there are many scientific works, but to date there is a particular lack of information on how to correctly and adequately convey the translation of these lexical units.
important point in the selection of Russian counterparts not forget that the jargon specific to particular social strata and have a certain connotation.It is therefore important to find a way to interpret them, to convey feelings or concepts inherent in the primary source.
In modern slang language are widespread in all strata of society, the media, the movies and even in literature.Prohibits the use of senseless and without result, but to form the right attitude to his speech is important and necessary.
