Since ancient times, people are attracted to all the magical, inexplicable.Mesmerizing reflection of objects in the mirror, attracted symmetry, which often manifests itself in nature.With the emergence of writing a new path for both large and small openings - mesmerizing symmetry of numbers, letters and characters.Initially, this phenomenon was given sacred meaning.Some people have tried to give their children names that were read equally on both sides: Alla, Anna, Lol, Nathan - I think that it brings happiness.The ancient Slavic runes are written in a circle or in the form of a five-pointed star, they can be read with any letter and it gave them a special, magical significance.Combination of letters, numbers, punctuation, words that can be read in several ways, people have agreed to call palindromes.
Verbal
palindromes Palindrome (from the Greek. - "Running back") - words, texts or some verbal constructions that are equally (or with some tolerances) are read letters from both sides.Word-shifters are quite common in the Russian language.The most common nouns that carry serious semantic load: pop, Cossack, radar ball, clattering, a revolver, and so on. D. The same pattern is observed in other languages - Chinese, Udmurt, Tatar, Spanish, German, French.From palindromes are literary works: poems, even novels.
Pryamohod and rakohod
Plain text is called a palindrome, which reads under normal for this writing are read.In all kinds of Latin and Cyrillic letters from left to right is called pryamohodom, and the reverse, from right to left - reverse or rakohodom.In XVII-XVIII centuries in Russian phrases and words-called turncoats "rachimi verses" and often wore a comic character.Later in the Russian linguistic practice became known palindrome perevertnem (by B. Khlebnikov), but under strict consideration of these verbal constructions still differ.Synonymous with the term "palindrome" as are the concepts of "amfirifma" (W. Rybinsk) and "samorifma" (S. Kirsanov).Everyone knows the palindrome-aphorism Valery Bryusov: "I - the arch region."
Monopalindrom and multi-line palindrome Palindromes
written in prose or in verse form, t. E. To break the line.Phrases-shifters or verse or prose are not, they can be attributed to the aphorism "Muse ranyas awl experience, you pray to the mind."
Sometimes the word palindrome is used in the title of a literary work.For example, a book of poems Voznesensky called "Axiom samopoiska" and the story V. Nabirkovoy - "Hell Yeah like hell as a yes."If a palindrome is divided into line, something like a poem can have the form monopalindroma, ie a structure that is read back and forth does not line by line, and the end to the beginning.
- Noah faith - a chance for Zion
Jesus on the ball - Villon.(Dmitry Avaliani.)
There are multi-palindromes, in which each line - Changeling:
- hell - lust!
hell - fire, hatred!
Hell drives sometimes.(Vladimir Gershuni.)
This poem is perevertnem in the strictest sense of the term.
axis palindrome
Some researchers classify palindromes in complexity.To do this in practice study introduced the concept of "palindromic axis" or "axis perevertnya."This is an imaginary line that runs through the letters, or between them and divides the text palindrome into two parts so that one part of the letter is a kind of reverse of the other part.For example, the word palindrome "Atakazakata" invented Bryusov has thrust the letter "h".In line Velimir Khlebnikov "setuy, rock 'perevertnya axis passes through the letter" d. "Researchers believe that the introduction into the everyday life of the visual concept of "axis" proves that palindromes - specific works verbal art.
Accurate and inaccurate palindromes
exact palindrome read in exactly the same way both sides.These include, for example, the word palindrome "Cossack" or phrase Ladygina Nicholas "Matt here and there."The highest degree of precision suggests that the reverse reading is stored not only a complete alphabetic identity and place of spaces between words.Strict style of building permits palindromic some liberties.So, there may be a mismatch spaces, uppercase and lowercase letters and undifferentiated on the letter "e" and "f".
The palindrome written freestyle, admitted inaccuracies rakohoda, hyphenation and single-letter string.May omit the sign of softness and hardness (b, b), the letter "J", "Y" is replaced by "AND", "W".Possible doubling letters.There are sound palindromes, which take into account only the pronunciation.They do not differ in the "O" and "E" after a sizzling, "O" and "A" under the stress and without.Such is the aphorism Grigoriev Victor Petrovich: "Sam reached the masses and bringing a horse."There alphanumeric palindrome in which the numeral "0" coincides with the letter "D", "3" = "W" and "4" = "H".
Lexical factor (LC)
term "lexical factor" applied to a palindrome introduced AD Ehrlich.It is an indicator of innovation and uniqueness of the palindromic education.Ehrlich factor - the ratio of the total number of letters in the verbal construction to the number of words in it.In calculating not taken into account one-letter words: prepositions "in" and "c", the word "and", "but" and so on.Thus, in its aesthetic qualities palindrome Vladimir Rybinsk (LC-5.6) "Vodochody revenues unknown fashion veins" higher than the couplet Paul Nagorskaya (LC-3.4) "Lit mind but the face and mood mutil // Mate,their wear and sleep hits ... "
Nonverbal palindromes
Broadly, a palindrome may have a non-verbal form.For example, there are palindromes-numbers that are read from the end as well as at the beginning.In mathematics, there is an operation "flip and fold", the essence of which is that adding a decimal number starting with its inverted copy you can get a palindrome: 56 + 65 = 121;521 +125 = 646. Palindromes-numbers have a special magic, which tend to unravel some scientists and mathematicians.
"Shifters" biologists observed in the structures of nucleic acids: the total number of palindromes in the human genome reaches 1 million. In music, there are works that can be played endlessly.Examples of such plays are "The Way of the World" Moshelsa, "Drinking Melody for Two" Amadeus Mozart.First work is played in the normal way, then turn over the notes, but the music does not change, and where the top and bottom where the musical notation of the composition can be determined.Palindromic paradoxes attract people of different branches of knowledge and discoveries in this field are always surprising and unpredictable.
history Palindromes Palindromes
appeared a long time ago.The oldest surviving turncoats written in Latin and dated to the 4th century.n.e.This proposal Sator Arepo tenet opera rotas, which means: "The Sower Arepyev barely keeps the wheels."Interestingly, this phrase was recorded in a square shape:
- SATOR
AREPO
TENET
OPERA
ROTA S.
Ancient palindrome read in four different ways: horizontally and vertically, to the right and left.Ancient square endowed with magical properties.It was believed that the magic words can protect against illnesses and diseases, and of evil spirits.In ancient Rome, the squares with this mysterious phrase cut down on the walls of palaces and temples.In the Middle Ages palindrome depicted on the walls of Christian churches.
In ancient China were also examples of palindromic poetry.Many researchers note that the proposals palindromes-endowed zagovorno properties, prayer, and then used as spells.For example, "wrapping" the phrase "taken away by a thief cows and the Maiden" is pronounced to justice is.Proverb, too, sometimes have a palindromic build "like a lion and that the mother is high."The oldest Russian palindrome used the clowns to attract the audience during his performances: "On the forehead, stupid!"
Russian palindromes
There is an opinion that the Russian language is difficult to create palindromes.Like, nothing interesting turns.However, if you look, even in their native language there are words-shifters, and sometimes whole sentences.Many known palindromichnye surnames, names, words from text or speech, for example: Anna, Titus, Nathan, Alla, Aza, one Anikin, Anizina, Kutukov, Vodochody, Nilin, Nisin, oxen Kuvuk, Volokolokolov, Aneena, Anya, Gog, Yu, Nitin, Nivin, Nikin, Anisina, Anilёlina, Anililina and so on.There are also many simple words and alliances: here, or income Kotok (cat), peg, tent, trampling, an argument, a flood, a Cossack tavern, cook, eye, barely, still, still, and the like.Thus, in the Russian language, there are palindromes.Examples of sentences and phrases:
- Argentina beckons Negro.
- about Misha milk.
- died, and the world to him.
- I climb on the toilet.
- oak will.
- Muzzle Cossack behind the scenes.
- "Let go!"- Flies soup bowl Maxim.- "Let flies soup!"
Palindromes children
phrases and words are read in both directions, be sure to be interested in boys.They will appreciate the magic that is fraught with palindromes.Examples of children:
- At home a suitcase.
- He eats hay.
- Lesch bug found on the shelf.
- Cat dragged ducks.
- Eat unwashed you less!
You can play with the guys in the game, "Think of your palindromes."It's pretty simple.Try to take the simple word "Az" and add the letter "A".Get a simple word palindrome "Aza".Then add another letter "for" will "of Aza."If repeated countless times "-this" that a palindrome would be infinite "Aza behind, -this, -this ...- for."You can complicate the task.For example, you can pay attention to the word "boa".If you read the other way around will "in Hell."So I was born a palindrome: "Boa in Hell."These classes train memory, stimulate the area of the brain that are responsible for recognizing letters and making words from them.The guys develop lateral thinking, which is very useful to them in their lives.Word-shifters for the children - a familiarity with the capabilities of the native language in a playful way.
Modern experiments
Copyright palindromes appeared in the XVII century, during the occurrence of syllabic poetry.In the Russian language to the twentieth century, the most famous are palindromes phrases Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich, "I'm going to judge the sword," "I mean the dawn of the mind."In the twentieth century, various experiments in the field of poetry led to interesting palindromaticheskih forms.Russian poets Bryusov and V. Khlebnikov tried to bring to the aesthetic palindromes.In the middle of the last century Voznesensky tried to combine the technique with palindromic visually.
Modern palindromistami are D. Avaliani V. Gershuni, B. Goldstein, Bubnov, G. Lukomnikov.In recent years, therefore seeks to combine the elements of a palindrome matching words and zaum (refusal of elements of natural language), which gives the text a peculiar intonation (S. Biryukov, S. Sigey).
in different languages for different study palindromes.Neologisms are created, conducted an unusual form and content experiments.The longest coined by the word in everyday speech - a palindrome saippuakauppias, which translated from Finnish means "soap salesman."In our native language, you can create original palindromic build - this activity will be useful for both children and adults.Be bold, and you will succeed!
