study of the Russian language begins with the basic elements.They form the foundation of the structure.As components are the linguistic units of the Russian language.This linguistic constituents such systems for which the division is unacceptable within their own level.Next, we analyze in detail the concept, define the classification.The article will be given basic characteristics of linguistic components.
"Splitting"
What are the basics of the Russian language?In the structure there is a separation of the elements related to a lower rank.There is such a thing as a criterion for expandability.It determines divisible whether the language unit.If possible, the decomposition of all the elements are divided into simple and complex.Among the former are indivisible units, such as phonemes and morphemes.The second group includes those components which are decomposed to elements, which are at the lowest level.Main language units are combined in different levels of the system.
Classification
different language units are combined into two groups.The first determines the type of sound membranes.For this category, there are the types of material which have a constant sound envelope.In particular, these include language such units as the phoneme, word, morpheme, and even a proposal.There is also a relatively material type.It is a model of construction of phrases and sentences that have generalized commonly used value.There is such a thing as a unit of value.They can not exist outside of the material and the material with respect to the species because they are part of their meaning.In addition, the material of language units are further divided into unilateral and bilateral.The first did not have a value, they only help to create a sound shell.These include, for example, phonemes and syllables.But bilateral matter, which is why they are even ranked among the top units of language.These are the words and sentences.Language levels are complex systems or their components are.
Russian language
By definition, this system is a collection of iconic particles reproduced in audio form, expressing the thoughts and feelings of man.Furthermore, they are a means of communication and information transfer.Nina Davidovna Arutyunov, Soviet and Russian linguist, language considered an important point in the evolution of culture and society.At the lowest level of the system is phonetic, that is sounds.Above are morphemes that are composed of the elements of the previous level.From the same morpheme consists of speech, of which, in turn, formed syntax.Linguistic unit characterized not only by its location in a complex system.It also performs a specific function and has characteristic features of the structure.Take one language, which is at the lowest level - phoneme.By itself, the sound does not carry any meaning.However, it interacts with other elements, located him on the same level, it helps to distinguish the individual morphemes and words.By the phonetic elements include syllables.However, due to the fact that their value is not always sufficiently justified, some scientists are in no hurry to agree with the fact that the syllable - the same linguistic unit.
morpheme
Morphemes considered the smallest units of language that have a meaning.The biggest part of the word - is the root.After all, it defines the meaning of the words.But different suffixes, prefixes and end only complement the root meaning.All morphemes are divided into those that form words (preformative), and those who create forms of a word (called grammatical).The Russian language is rich in such structures.For example, the word "red" is composed by three morphemes.The first is the root of "krasn-", which determines the sign of the object.The suffix "-ovat-" indicates that the feature is shown in a small degree.And finally, the end of the "th" determines the gender, number and case agreed with the adjective noun.With the development of history and language, some of the morpheme is gradually changing.Words such as "porch", "finger" and "capital" of the earlier divided into more parts.However, over time these parts merged into a single root.In addition, some morpheme used to have a value different from the current one.
word
This independent linguistic unit is considered one of the most significant.It gives the names of feelings, objects, actions and properties, is a component of the proposal.The latter may consist of a single word.Words form the sound envelope, that is a phonetic sign, morphemes (morphological characteristics) and their values (semantic feature).In all languages, I meet a lot of words that have multiple meanings.Especially such cases is replete with Russian.So, everyone knows the word "table" denotes not only a piece of furniture belonging to the furniture, but also a menu of several dishes, as well as component of medical office environment.
All words are divided into several groups according to various criteria.The distribution of grammatical features form a group of parts of speech.Derivational communication create categories of words.For the purposes of these elements are divided into synonyms, antonyms and thematic groups.History distributes them to archaisms, neologisms and historicism.In terms of the scope of use of the word divided into professionalism, slang, dialect and terms.Given the function of elements in the linguistic structure, idioms and isolated compound terms and names.The former, for example, include words such as "boiling point" and "insertion structure".An example for compound names are the "White Sea" and "Ivan".
phrases and sentences
linguistic unit, which is formed from the words, called a phrase.This structure consisting of at least two elements associated with one of the following ways: coordination, management or adjacently.In addition, words and phrases are formed of components of proposals.But the phrase is a step lower than the supply.At the same syntactic level of the language ladder created by combining all components.An important feature offers - intonation.It shows the completeness or incompleteness of the structure.It gives it a kind of question or order, and adds emotional coloring using exclamation.
"emic" and "ethical" language units
Tangible unit of language can exist in multiple versions, or in the form of an abstract set of variants, called invariant.The first designated ethical terms such as allophones, allomorphs backgrounds and morphs.To characterize the second, there are phonemes and morphemes.The units are made up of speech language particles.These can be attributed phrases and sentences, compound words, morphemes and phonemes.These terms are introduced Pike - American linguist.
characteristic linguistic elements
There are many areas in science, each of which is characterized by different perceptions and description of language units.However, regardless of which option to handle, you can always highlight common features and peculiarities of language units.For example, the class is considered a phoneme sounds on the basis of similar phonetics.However, some scientists believe that the main feature of these elements is that they are indispensable to determine the words and their forms.Morphemes are the linguistic units that are no different syntactic autonomy.Words, on the contrary, are independent.They are also the terms of proposals.All these characteristics are common not only for different points of view.They are absolutely suitable for all languages.
relationship between elements of the structure
between units of speech and language, there are several types of relationships.The first type is called paradigmatic.This type refers to the opposition between the units located at the same level.The relationship syntagmatical particles of the same rank are combined with each other during the process of speech, or forming a top-level elements.Hierarchical relationships are determined by the degree of complexity of the units when the lower levels are included in the top.
