history of aeronautics, seemingly finished.Today our lives were helicopters, airplanes and many other outlandish vehicles.However, in people's hearts forever remain the magic and romance that are associated with such an interesting exercise, like flying in a balloon.And today people make travel on it.Many have been curious to know how it all began.The history of aeronautics will be discussed briefly in this article.
Bartolommeo Lorenzo
Bartolommeo Lorenzo, Brazilian, belongs to the pioneers whose names history has not been forgotten.However, their major scientific advances over the centuries been questioned or remained unknown.
Bartolommeo Lorenzo - the real name of the man who entered the history of aeronautics, Lorenzo Guzman, Portuguese priest, founder of the project entitled "Passaroly" until recently perceived as a fantasy.In 1971, after a long search, I have found documents that explain the events of the distant past.
they began in 1708, when he moved to Portugal in Coimbra Guzman went to university and got the idea to make an aircraft on a flight which is open to the history of aeronautics.Physics and mathematics in which Lorenzo showed great ability helped him in this.It began its project to experiment.Guzman has designed several models that became the prototype for its future vessel.
first demonstration vessel Guzman
In 1709, in August, they were shown a model of the royal nobility.Successful was the only one balloon flight: a thin shell with a small brazier, suspended beneath it, almost 4 meters off the ground.Guzman in the same year started its project "Passaroly."Unfortunately, the details of his trial did not survive.However, in any case, Guzman was the first one, based on the study of the phenomena of nature, was able to find a viable way to climb up, and also made an attempt to implement it in practice.Thus began the history of ballooning.
Joseph Montgolfier
from Joseph, his elder brother, Etienne Montgolfier, who owned a small French town paper manufactory, received in 1782 a note in which the brother asked him to prepare a little more rope and silk fabric to see oneof the amazing things in the world.The note meant that Joseph finally found something that is not just brothers spoke at the meeting: the way in which you could take to the air.
shell filled with smoke, turned this tool.Jacques Montgolfier as a result of a straightforward experiment observed that are made from two pieces of fabric cloth shell in the form of a box fixed up once was filled with smoke.This discovery fascinated not only the author but also his brother.Working together, the researchers created two aerostatic machines (as they called their balloons).In a circle of friends and relatives he demonstrated one of them.It was made in the form of a sphere with a diameter of 3.5 meters.
first successes Montgolfier
experiment was a complete success: about 10 minutes in the air lasted shell, while rising to a height of about 300 meters, and about a kilometer in the air flying.Brothers, Inspired by the success, decided to show his invention to the public.They built a giant balloon with a diameter of more than 10 meters.Stitched canvas jacket of his efforts was a rope net and papered the paper to increase tightness.
In 1783, 5 June, held its demonstration in the market square in the presence of many spectators.Filled balloon went up in smoke.All the details of the experience witnessed a special protocol, which was sealed with the signatures of various officials.So it was first officially certified by an invention that opened the way for aeronautics.
Professor Charles
in Paris caused a great interest in the Montgolfier brothers' flight in a balloon.They were invited to repeat the experience in the capital.At the same time, Jacques Charles, the French physicist, was ordered to hold a demonstration he founded the aircraft.Charles claimed that the smoky air, balloon gas, as it was called - not the best tool to create a hydrostatic lift.
Jacques was well acquainted with the latest developments in chemistry and believed that hydrogen is much better to use because it is lighter than air.However, choosing the gas to fill his administration, professor faced a number of technical difficulties.First of all, it was necessary to decide which of the envelope performed easily capable of holding volatile gas for a long time.
first flight charliere
Robey Brothers, mechanics, helped him cope with this task.They were manufactured material with the desired qualities.To do this, the brothers used a light silk fabric, which was covered with a solution of rubber in turpentine.In 1783, on August 27 in Paris at the Champ de Mars aircraft climbed up Charles.He flew up in front of about 300 thousand. Viewers and soon became invisible.When one person who was present there, asked what's the point in all this, Benjamin Franklin, the famous American statesman and scientist, also watched the flight said, "And what is the appearance of a newborn into the world?"This remark proved prophetic."Newborn" was born, and he was destined to a great future.
first passengers
Montgolfier Brothers, however, the success of Charles did not stop in the intention to show in Paris own invention.Etienne, trying to make with the greatest impression, used his talent great architect.Balloon built them was in some ways a work of art.It had a barrel-shaped shell, which reaches more than 20 meters.She was decked out with colorful ornaments outside and monograms.
Balloon demonstrated by the Academy of Sciences, has caused the admiration of its representatives.It was agreed in the presence of the royal court to repeat the demonstration.Near Paris, in Versailles, a demonstration took place in 1783, 19 September.True, causing the admiration of academics balloon up to this day has not lived: its shell washed away by rain, causing it to come into disrepair.But the Montgolfier brothers did not stop.Working hard, they built a new ball to the target date.He is not inferior to the beauty of the previous one.
In order to produce the maximum effect, the brothers hitched to his cell, which planted a rooster, a duck and a sheep.These were the first in the history of balloonists.The balloon flew up and worked his way to the 4 km, 8 minutes safely lowered to the ground.The heroes of the day became the Montgolfier brothers.They were honored with different awards, and all the balloons, which was used to create lift the smoky air, since the day began to be called a hot air balloon.
manned mission to balloon
With each flight Montgolfier brothers approached their goals they pursued, - human flight.New balloon, built by them was bigger.Its height is 22.7 meters, and diameter - 15 meters.Ring Gallery fastened in the lower part.It was designed for two people.The creation of this structure continued history of aeronautics.Physics, on the achievements which it is based, while the design allow only a very simple aerial vehicles.Fireplace for burning straw was suspended in the middle of the gallery.He radiated heat, while a hole in the shell.This heat heats the air, which made it possible to make a longer flight.He even became to some extent controllable.
in the history of flight, you can find a variety of interesting facts.Aeronautics - occupation, which in the 18th century brought great fame and notoriety.The creators of aircraft did not want to share it with others.However, Louis XVI, king of France, forbidden to take part in flight private sponsors.According to him, for the life of this risky task it was necessary to instruct the two criminals who were sentenced to death.However, this provoked protests Pilatre de Rozier, one of the active participants in the construction of a hot air balloon.
This man could not come to terms with the fact that the names of offenders will be included in the history of ballooning.He insisted to participate in the mission in person.Resolution was finally obtained.The journey in a balloon off another "pilot".They became the Marquis d'Arland, ballooning fan.And in 1783, November 21, they broke away from the earth and made its first flight in history.25 minutes in the air balloon lasted about 9 kilometers flown during this time.
manned flight to charliere
In order to prove that charliere (balloons with shells, which were filled with hydrogen), the future belongs to aeronautics, Professor Charles decided to carry out the flight, which was supposed to be more spectacular than arranged by the Montgolfier brothers.Creating a new balloon, he developed a number of design solutions, used for centuries in the future.
charliere built them had a grid that stretched across the upper hemisphere of the balloon, and slings, which held the gondola, suspended to the grid.The gondola were people.Special vent has been made in the shell to release hydrogen.The valve is located in the shell, as well as stored in a gondola ballast used to change altitude.Provided was also the anchor to make it easier to sit on the ground.
charliere, the diameter of which is more than 9 meters on 1 December 1783 in the Tuileries Park took the start.It went on the professor Charles and Robert, one of the brothers who took part in the construction charliere involved.They fell near the village well, flying about 40 kilometers.Then Charles continued the journey alone.
charliere flew 5 km, while to an incredible height for that time - 2750 meters.About half an hour after being in this sky-high above, the researcher has landed safely, thus completing the first flight in the history of aeronautics in a balloon filled with hydrogen envelope.
balloons flew over the English Channel
Life of Jean Pierre Blanchard, a French mechanic who committed the first flight across the English Channel in a balloon, is notable in that it has become an illustration of a tipping point, which came in the late 18th century in the development of aeronautics.Blanchard began with that idea carried flapping flight.
He built a machine in 1781, the wings of which were cited in the motion force of arms and legs.Testing it suspended on a rope thrown over the block, the inventor of this was raised at the height of the multi-storey building, with a counterweight was about 10 kg.Pleased with the initial success, he published an article in his thoughts about the possibility of flapping flight in humans.
Committed to the first balloon air travel, as well as search for flight controls Blanchard returned to the idea of wings, but used to control the balloon.Although the first experiment ended badly, the researcher did not abandon their attempts and more fond of the rise in the heavenly space.
In 1784, in the fall, it began flights to Britain.The researchers had the idea to fly across the English Channel in a balloon, thus proving the possibility of air traffic between France and England.In 1785, January 7, held this historic flight, which was attended by the inventor himself, and Dr. Jeffrey, his American friend.
The era of ballooning
history of aeronautics was short-lived.From the beginning of the century airships and balloons until it is complete, it would seem, a little over 150 years.The first free balloon rose into the air by the Montgolfier brothers in 1783, and in 1937 was burned LZ-129 Gindenburg, airship, built in Germany.This happened in the United States, Lakehurst, on the mooring mast.On board were 97 people.Of these, 35 have died.This disaster is so shocked world public opinion that the great powers were bent to the cessation of the construction of large airships.Thus ended the era in aeronautics, in which the last 40 years is the development of rigid airships, called zeppelins (one of the main creators of them was Ferdinand von Zeppelin, a German general).
balloon designed by the Montgolfier brothers, was unmanageable.Only in 1852, Henri Giffard, a French designer has created a controlled balloon.
engineers have long tried to solve the problem of the rigidity of the aircraft.David Schwartz, the Austrian designer, got the idea to make their metal housing.In Berlin in 1897, soared aloft balloon Schwartz.Its body was made of aluminum.However, because of engine problems has made an emergency landing.
Graf Zeppelin Graf von Zeppelin, acquainted with the work of David, saw their prospects.He came up with the frame made of light box trusses that were riveted aluminum strips.Openings in them are stamped.From the annular frames carried skeleton.Connecting they stringers.
camera with hydrogen was placed between each pair of frames (a total of 1217 pieces).Therefore, if damaged several internal tanks volatility kept the rest.In the summer of 1990 a cigar-shaped vosmitonny giant zeppelin (dirigible balloon with a diameter of 12 meters, length - 128) made a successful 18-minute flight, turning its creator, then reputed almost crazy city, into a national hero.
recently lost the war with the French, the country accepted the general idea to cheer about this miracle weapon.Zeppelin - airship, which have been actively used in hostilities.General to the World War I designed a few cars, a length of 148 m. They can reach a speed of 80 km / h.Airships are designed Count Zeppelin, went to war.
20th century further democratized flights.Modern ballooning hobby became a multitude.Solomon Auguste Andre in 1897, in July, was made the first flight in the history of the Arctic in a balloon.In 1997, the centenary of the event at the North Pole athletes balloonists held celebration balloons.Since then, every year arrive here the most daring team to climb into the sky.Festival of Ballooning - a fascinating spectacle to admire a lot of people who come.
