the course of the process of thinking there are four operations.These include, in particular, the division, the definition and limitation of the generalization of concepts.Each operation its own characteristics and flow patterns.What is the synthesis?What distinguishes this process from the other?
Determination
generalization - a logical operation.Through her to the exclusion of specific trait is the result of a different definition, which has a wide scope, but much less content.Complication can say that generalization - a form of incremental knowledge through mental transition from the particular to the general in a certain model of the world.It usually corresponds to a transition to a higher level of abstraction.The result is considered a logical operation will be hyperons.
General
Simply put, a generalization - a transition from a specific concept to delivery.For example, if we take the definition of "pine forest".By generalizing the result is a "forest".We have already obtained the concept of content, but at the same time the amount is much wider.The content was less due to the fact that it was to remove the word "pine" - a sign of the species.It must be said that the basic concept can be not only a general, but the unit.For example, Paris.This concept is considered to be a single.When making the transition to the definition of "European Capital", will continue to be the "capital" and "City."This logic operation can throw different definitions.For example, to compile experience.In this case, by moving from the particular to the general understanding of the activities going on.Summarizing the experience is often used when there is a large concentration of methodical and other material.So, gradually eliminating the characteristic features which are inherent in the subject, there is a movement in the direction of maximum expansion volume conceptual.As a result, the content is sacrificed in favor of abstraction.
Features
We have considered such a thing as a generalization.Its purpose is to maximize the removal of the original definition of its inherent characteristics.It is desirable in this case that the process took place gradually as possible, ie the transition should occur in the direction of the closest species, has the most extensive content.Generalization - is not boundless determination.As it appears certain limit general category.This concept, which has the breadth of the scope of the limit.These categories include the philosophical definition of "substance", "being", "consciousness", "idea", "movement", "property" and others.Due to the fact that these concepts do not have a tribal affiliation, their generalization is not possible.
generalization as a task for artificial intelligence
formulation of the problem was made by Rosenblatt.During the experiment of "pure generalization" of Perceptron or model of the brain had to go to one stimulus by selective reaction to the stimulus, like him, but do not activate any of the previous sensory endings.Weaker views of tasks can, for example, is a requirement of the distribution system reaction to the components of a category of similar incentives, which are not necessarily separated from the earlier (or perceived by touch or heard before) stimulus.In this case, it is possible to investigate the spontaneous synthesis.This process is not imposed on similar criteria experimenter or introduced from outside.You can also explore and forced synthesis, in which the researcher "teach" the system of concepts of similarity.
Limitation
This logic operation is the opposite generalization.If the second process is the gradual removal of the features peculiar to a particular subject, the restriction on the contrary, is designed to enrich the set of characteristics.This logical operation provides volume reduction on the basis of the expansion content.The restriction ends at the moment when there is a single concept.This definition is characterized by the full scope and content, which is supposed to only one object (the object).
Conclusions
considered the operation and limitations of generalization are the processes of abstraction and specification of the boundaries of the unit to determine the philosophical categories.These processes contribute to the development of thinking, knowledge of objects and phenomena and their interactions.
Through the use of generalizations and restrictions notions thought process is more clearly, consistently and accurately.At the same time it should not be confused considered logical operations with the release of part of the whole and the consideration received part separately.For example, an automobile engine includes several parts (starter, air filter, carburetor etc.).These elements in turn consist of other, smaller, and so on.In this example, the concept of which follows, is not of the previous view, but only its component element.In the process of summarizing the characteristics of discarded.Together with decreasing (due to elimination of symptoms) volume increases (as the definition is becoming more common).During limitation, on the contrary, it adds a generic term and more specific characteristics and features.In this regard, the definition of the volume decreases (since it becomes more concrete) and the content, on the contrary, increased (by adding characteristics).
Examples
In the educational process of generalization used in almost all cases where definitions are given by species or generic difference.For example: "Sodium" - a chemical element.Or you can use the next race: "Sodium" - the metal.Another example of generalization:
- carnivorous mammals of the family canine.
- carnivores.
- mammals.
- vertebrates.
- animals.
- body.
Here is an example restrictions on Russian language:
- proposal.
- simple sentence.
- simple compound offers.
- simple compound offers with the predicate.
