answer the question of who built the Cathedral of the Annunciation, is not easy.In this regard, there are different opinions.In the descriptions of the cathedral belonging to the 19th century, the tradition has been published (not confirmed, however, other sources) on the construction in 1291 of a wooden church of the Annunciation Andrei Alexandrovich, the prince is the son of Alexander Nevsky.Since that time, in Moscow there was the prince's court, it necessarily had to be constructed temple.So there was the Kremlin's Cathedral of the Annunciation.Photo of the building in its present form is presented in this article.
Different views
However, on Annunciation Cathedral references in Russian chronicles appears only in 1397, when Byzantium was brought to Moscow an icon called "Christ in rizitse white."The researchers therefore attributed the construction of a stone building of the cathedral at the end of the 14th century.It is dated 1397 or the year (Zabelin, Izvekov), or the year 1393 (Skvortsov, Krasovsky).
The cause of the second date of steel information that Princess Evdokia was founded in 1395 the Church of the Nativity of Our Lady (houses).It was thought that a little before was supposed to be the prince's temple.In 1405, as reported by the chronicles, the church began to paint the master Theophane Grechin, "the elder from Gorodets" Prokhorov Andrei Rublev.We finished in the same year.
Building stone cathedral
appears in 1416 a new record, which deals with the creation of the stone Church of the Annunciation on 18 July.
Other evidence of this monument based on the rebuilding of the Kremlin ensemble, which took place at the turn of 16-17 centuries.Bookmark the new building of the cathedral took place May 6, 1484.Ivan III in the construction commanded to put a tent near the Grand Palace for his confessor, that he was all the time in the temple.After 5 years, in 1489 (August 9), the new church was consecrated by Metropolitan Gerontius.
, Ivan III in the late 15th century, began building a new magnificent residence of the prince.Under construction at the time the new walls of the Kremlin, Assumption and Annunciation Cathedral.Architects Myshkin and Krivtsov, who built the Assumption, suffered, however, failed.The first attempt made by them, concluded that the walls of the building during the earthquake were destroyed.
Pskov masters
Still, who built the Cathedral of the Annunciation?Surname chief architect we do not know.However, according to one chronicler records, in 1474, it can be seen that built Cathedral of the Annunciation (stone) Pskov masters.Among the other buildings that are listed in this intelligence, preserved Dukhovskaya (Trinity in the annals of Church), and Deposition of the Robe, which is in the Kremlin.In all of them there are characteristic features which distinguish the Pskov architecture: columns, square in plan, higher arches.Based on these data it is possible to judge who built the Cathedral of the Annunciation.They were masters of Pskov.However, there are also elements rannemoskovskogo portals have keeled shape and the walls are decorated with patterned belt.So definitely say about who built the Cathedral of the Annunciation, we can not.He also was made of brick, although the main material for construction of Pskov at the time was a white stone.So, despite the fact that most of the researchers attribute to the Annunciation Cathedral of the Pskov buildings, some still consider it the creation of the Moscow masters.
Annunciation Cathedral today
Today Annunciation Cathedral in Moscow, consists of three parts, which were built at different times.The basis of it is cross-domed church, chetyrehstolpny trehapsidny.Built in the late 15th century, the basic volume of repeating the plan, as well as, perhaps, the dimensions of the temple that existed before, at the beginning of the century.The difference between the two buildings was the fact that in the later temple gallery-porch surrounded on all sides.It was believed that all but the eastern, have been created along with the cathedral, however, were open until the middle of the 16th century.Research related to the 60-th years of the 20th century show that the vaults of the western and northern galleries lined with the same brick as the cathedral.On this basis, we can assume that they are close in time or simultaneous array main temple.To him bordered on the east side of the Exchequer, which was built along with the cathedral, and in the 18th century demolished.
Cathedral becomes a nine-
Annunciation Cathedral in Moscow, originally crowned three chapters - the two were located over the eastern corners of construction and one - in the center.The vaults of the galleries in the second half of the 16th century there were four chapels are arranged, which also had a chapter.In addition, two more were added to the bulk.Cathedral eventually became The nine.This was produced by pyramidal central chapter to chapter chapels.Underlines its kokoshniki and keeled zakomary located at the center of the drum.The central chapter in 1508 was gilded, and later, during the second half of the 16th century, it was done with the other nine.The roof was also covered with gilded copper.Cathedral because it was called "Golden-Domed".Image of Our Lady symbolizes The nine - nine ranks of angels and saints in heaven.
Features Annunciation Cathedral
The size of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin small.This is due to the fact that it was intended primarily for the family of the prince.Originally it belonged to the eastern pillars of the iconostasis of the Annunciation Cathedral, which was only slightly lower than the existing one.Underline verticalism proportions distinguishes its central space.This is a tall drum podpruzhnymi stepped arches.Vertical movement intensified lighting.Obscuring the lower part was, and poured on top of the flow of light from the windows of the drum.
In the western part there are wide choruses that rely on massive low arches.Their device to the end of the 15th century already archaic.It is most likely, with the object of building the temple as a family.It is possible that this is due to the desire to keep the plan that had earlier building.It is also assumed (in the 19th century) that the choruses were intended for representatives of the royal family during worship.However, it was found that they were originally separated wall height of about two meters and a thickness of two bricks.Choirs turned thus into a closed space, which is to hear the liturgy was unsuitable.They are more likely, could be placed side-chapels.Two stroke lead them: a spiral staircase from the bottom in the southwest corner of the building, which is located deep in the masonry;as well as directly from the palace, which is based on the arch.
Papert
building in the construction of the cathedral is surrounded by porches were.Not enough has studied their original appearance and time of occurrence.East (along with the Exchequer) was disassembled, and the southern almost completely lost the original appearance.Porch decorated with carvings, leads to the south porch.It is, according to legend, was built for Ivan the Terrible, as the one after the fourth marriage deprived of the right to be present in the temple, ordered to attach to building a porch on which stood during the service.
floor and porch
Tradition binds with Ivan the Terrible as the emergence of gender, existing now.It consists of small silicon blocks interspersed with jasper and agate.It is believed that the floor was brought to Rostov Veliky from this king, where he was once Byzantium.The porch, which overlooks the north-eastern area, there were ceremonial.When reducing it in 1564 was built chapel, under it to strengthen the pillars of the structure we have brought so were lost ancient form.Porch originally was similar to South, it was easier.Reducing it maintained with the help of columns with carved capitals.In the interior of the pillar remained one of them.The ladder has also been rebuilt - it was originally a steep and short.
in temple porches are portals.Western and northern executed by Italian carvers.South during alterations in 1836, the southern porch was destroyed, rebuilt in 1949 on the preserved remains.
painting cathedral
Vasily III, the Grand Duke, who was the heir of Ivan III, commanded in the early years of the icons of the cathedral magnificently decorate gold and silver salaries and paint it.There is speculation that the cathedral was transferred icons by Andrei Rublev (from old wood) and that performed was a new painting on the exact model earlier.Fedor Edikeev do the job.
emerged as a result of the porch in the mural painting images of various ancient Greek sages who lived before the birth of Christ (Socrates, Plato, Plutarch, Zeno, Ptolemy, Thucydides, Aristotle) with scrolls in their hands, which contain sayings that are close to Christian ideas.With regard to this painting there are many versions.According to one of them, this innovation Fedor Edikeeva.Others believe that the first metropolitans in Russia by birth were honored by the Greeks and their holy sages, not even Christians.
Shrine of the Annunciation Cathedral
Many relics kept in the Cathedral of the Annunciation.The image of the Annunciation, the rarest of his iconographic type was made on the wall of the temple.It reflected the Eastern tradition that the Blessed Virgin appeared to the Archangel Gabriel at the well at Nazareth and brought her the good news that she would have a Savior.
Image of Merciful Savior was in the vestibule of the cathedral.According to legend the people from one dignitary received a wonderful help.This man navlekshy royal anger at himself for prayer, was returned to service, and forgiveness.After that, people waiting for the mercy and good news, began to come to the image.
stored here and the Don icon of the Mother of God, which, after the Battle of Kulikov was presented to Dmitry Donskoy.He blessed this way, according to legend, St. Sergius of Radonezh.In honor of the icon of the 17th century it was built Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.She is now in the Tretyakov Gallery.
Cathedral and the Kremlin chimes
history of bells in the Kremlin and began with the Annunciation Cathedral.Moscow was the first to recognize even in 1404 the exact time.Then Lazar Serbin, a monk of Athos, a wooden (old) Annunciation Cathedral installed on the tower of the palace clock, every hour strike of the hammer marks the time.In 1624, Russian masters Shumilo and Zhdanov, and Christopher Halovit (Englishman) on the Spasskaya Tower set the master clock in our country.
In 1917, in November, the Moscow Cathedral of the Annunciation was badly damaged in the shelling.His porch was destroyed by a shell.After moving to Moscow Bolshevik government building was closed.Now in the territory, where the Cathedral of the Annunciation, the museum is located.It can be reached, as in the Kremlin, on the tour.Sometimes, however, conducted the service, because the place is holy.Cathedral of the Annunciation April 7 (1993) visited the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.This date is celebrated the feast of the Annunciation.Patriarch conducts service here.
