What is the basis of existence?What kind of invisible force causes a person to take certain decisions?These questions try to answer several generations of philosophers and scientists, pushing a variety of views.This article will be considered one of the theories, called voluntarism.This term was first coined by the German sociologist F.Tёnnisom in 1883, but the concept has been developed much earlier.
What voluntarism?This ideological and philosophical trend known as a fundamental principle in all the will (from the Latin. Voluntas).The cause of the world, according to the voluntarist, was the will of God, the cause of all human behavior is also rooted in the will impulses.Some representatives of this direction will elevate to the category of absolute truths, cosmic forces, from which flow all human mental processes.The mind now becomes a secondary position, which is why voluntarism - the cornerstone of the irrational philosophy of the 19th century.
first formulated the idea of voluntarism Roman philosopher Augustine, who believed that the will - is the driving force of the soul, which encourages people to self-knowledge, controls all our movements, thoughts produced from the depths of our consciousness.This concept is many centuries later was developed in the works of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, as well as many philosophers and psychologists of the late 19th - early 20th centuries.
What voluntarism of Schopenhauer?
According to him, the will - this is one of the components of the world, along with the matter, this impulse to life.Schopenhauer identified the following stage of formation of the will:
- attraction.
- Magnetism.
- The chemistry - inorganic world.
- Motivated will (present only in humans).
absolute original will is aggressive, it is manifested in the inorganic world.Then she breaks into the living world, and manifests itself in search of food.Will makes to meet new and emerging needs, as well as creates them.In the end, writes the philosopher, the end will be sad, because the resources are limited and it is impossible to share everything equally.Suicide - it is only an act of protest against the dissatisfaction.
What voluntarism Nietzsche?
another German philosopher, who contributed to the development of the doctrine of free will, was Friedrich Nietzsche.His early work was influenced by Schopenhauer, but later acquired a peculiar shade.Nietzsche believed that the will is not united, and sampled, that is in every living being is its own, and all the world processes occur only because of the clash of interests - "do not be a will, there would be no movement;It would be a ratio of the number one substance with respect to others. "Nietzsche, Schopenhauer replaces "will to live" "will to power", which he considers the main driving force of life, according to which, and to live - "Push the incident."
However, voluntarism - definition is not purely philosophical phenomena, it is often possible to hear and assess the economic activities of the entity.Domestic schools give the following interpretation:
Economic voluntarism - it is irrational decision-making, ignoring the environmental situation and economic trends on the basis of momentary whim.
And what voluntarism in representing the citizens of the Western powers?Here, the term has a positive color, they can be designated according to the decision-making will of the people, without any external pressure.
