In the history of our army and navy lacks prominent personalities.These are people who have a strong influence on the development of not only the military industry, but the entire country's statehood.One of these was the Admiral Ushakov.The biography of this remarkable man is given in this article.
Its popularity speaks at least the fact that the fleet of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union had several ships named after him.In particular, even a cruiser of the Soviet Navy.Since 1944, there are orders and medals Ushakov.It is named after a number of sites in the Arctic.
early life
Fyodor Ushakov was born, the future admiral, in the tiny village of Burnakovo, lost in the vastness of Moscow province, in February 1745.He came from a family of landowners, but not too rich.Not surprisingly, he had to go to school early in order not to force parents to spend money on its content.In 1766 he studied at the Cadet Corps, receiving the rank of warrant officer.Naval His career began in the Baltic Sea.Ushakov immediately proved himself as a capable commander and a brave man.
Home service, the first successes
Already in 1768-1774, respectively, during the first war with the Turks, Ushakov exercise command by several battleships.He also participated in the heroic defense of the Crimean coast.In the Baltic
Fyodor Ushakov he commanded the frigate "St. Paul", and later on it also made the transition to the Mediterranean Sea.He carried out important assignments for timber transportation at the shipyard in St. Petersburg.In 1780, he even appointed commander of the imperial yacht, but the future admiral refuses this boring post and petitions for transfer back to the line warship.Then Ushakov received the rank of captain of the second rank.
Since 1780 till 1782 he commanded the battleship "Victor".During this period, Ushakov constantly on the roads: he and his crew protect trade routes from the English privateers, who at that time completely unbelted.
role in the creation of the Black Sea Fleet
One act especially known Admiral Ushakov.His biography includes the fact that this man was one of the founders of the entire Black Sea Fleet.Since 1783, he has been busy with the construction of the Sevastopol base for the Navy, personally supervised the training of new crews on ships.By 1874, Ushakov became the captain of the first rank.Then he receives the Order of St. Vladimir 4-th degree for his fight against the plague epidemic in Kherson.After that, he was entrusted with command of the ship "St. Paul" and given the rank of brigadier captain.
war with the Turks
During another war with the Turks, from 1787 till 1791, it was named Ushakov bind the loudest victory of the Russian fleet.So, in the sea battle near the island Fidonisi (now called Snake), which occurred July 3, 1788, Admiral Fyodor Ushakov personally led the vanguard of the four frigates.The Turkish fleet at the time consisted of just 49 ships, commanded by Eski-Hassan.
We only had 36 ships and liner vessels - five times less.It Ushakov, skillfully maneuvering and not giving the Turks approach, managed to fight off two of their best ships of the line, drawing fire their guns to flee.Three hours lasted this battle, which resulted in the entire Turkish fleet chose to retire.During this battle the future Admiral Ushakov (his biography is described in the article) was granted to the Cavaliers of St. George.
New feats
next two years in the naval battles are not specified.Nevertheless, in 1790 under the management of Ushakov transmit entire Black Sea Fleet.Activity of officers immediately began learning basic line of ships crews.Soon had the chance to check out job: at Sinope squadron Rear Admiral Ushakov bombed almost thirty enemy ships.In response, the whole Turkish squadron entered the raid.In anticipation of this, a talented team advance brought his fleet and set it to anchor near the Kerch Strait in order to block a breakthrough Turkish ships to Crimea and to prevent the landing of enemy troops.Thus began the battle of Kerch.Subsequently, it entered almost all textbooks on naval battle since the techniques used then an admiral, were for their time really advanced.
new battle
However, soon Fyodor Ushakov (whose biography contains many such episodes) decided to meet the Turkish fleet.This temptation proved irresistible for the Turks: hoping for a favorable wind, they decided to hurriedly descend on the Russian fleet and destroy it.
However, their plan for Ushakov was obvious, so he promptly gave the command to rebuild and highlight a few battleships to securely cover the avant-garde.When the last of the Turks tied the fight, the rest of the Russian ships arrived.By three o'clock in the afternoon the wind began to benefit our fleet.Ships of the two squadrons began to converge quickly, and soon they entered into intense artillery duel.
Russian gunners found themselves in this battle just fine.Soon, most of the Turkish vessels due to strong destruction equipment could not take part in combat.A little more, and the Russian began to celebrate the full and unconditional victory.The Turks managed to escape only because of the best features of its compact and nimble ships.So the history of the Black Sea fleet replenished with one more glorious victory.
Many historians point out that in that battle the enemy did not lose a single ship sunk, but the state of the Turkish squadron was that to fight it in the coming months could not go exactly.In addition, their crews have suffered huge losses in manpower, and the landing troops were seriously frayed.In Russian killed only 29 people.It is in honor of this victory, in 1915 one of the battleships of the fleet was given the name "Kerch".
battle near Tendra
In late summer 1790 there was a fairly significant BATTLE OF TENDRA where Ushakov's squadron suddenly stumbled upon the Turks, who were anchored at ease.Admiral despised all the traditions of the fleet, ordered an attack on the move, without long rebuilding.Confidence in the success was fueled by the presence of which has become a traditional reserve of four frigates.
commanded the Turkish squadron kapudan Pasha Hussein.He was an experienced naval commander, but even he had to retreat after several hours of intense combat.The flagship of the Russian fleet "Christmas" under the command of Ushakov conducted simultaneous battle with up to three enemy ships.When the Turks have rushed to escape, Russian ships pursued them until nightfall, and then had to anchor.
The next day the battle resumed with renewed vigor.A few hours the battle ended in complete victory for our fleet.For this admiral granted the Order of St. George's 2 nd degree and five hundred serfs assigned to Mogilev province.Then Fyodor Ushakov, in short, became a "full-blooded" landowner landowners.However, on their estates, he almost never, ever being busy fleet.
Battle of Kaliakra new victories
On land Turkey suffered permanent injury.Sultan Pasha decided to fight back, taking revenge on the sea.Warships were collected throughout the empire, and soon near Istanbul was incredibly powerful navy.It is in the amount of 78 ships soon anchored near Cape Kaliakra.Since that time began the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha, some of the crew was released on shore.
However, the Russian government at this time has begun negotiations with the weakened enemy, what the Turks were only too happy.But Admiral Ushakov (his biography thus gained another battle) did not know that when he found the Turkish fleet.In his old habit, he immediately ordered the rebuilding in the stowed position, passing enemy squadron firing all guns.
Turks tried to repeat the maneuver under fire while filming a raid.So began the Battle of Cape Kaliakra.We have already mentioned the flagship of the Russian fleet "Christmas" attacking the enemy on the run.Shortly thereafter, the enemy fleet was scattered, and in 1791 finally signed a peace treaty.
postwar work
After the war, Admiral devoted all his time and energy to the preparation and development of the Black Sea Fleet.In 1793 he received the title of vice-admiral.During this period, Fyodor Ushakov, whose biography is full of significant events, already has a huge reputation in the fleet, even his enemies respected him.
And here happens a curious turn of history, Russia in the coalition against the French became an ally of Turkey, which Ushakov fought a couple of years ago.In the Mediterranean, Admiral's 1798-1800 expedition visited Istanbul, where his squadron joined the fleet Kadir Bey.The task was difficult: to release many of the islands (including Corfu and Greek), and enter the connection to the British under the command of Nelson.
Taking Corfu
Almost all targets set were captured on the run, but Corfu was a powerful fortress, but because first Ushakov ordered to take him into the ring naval blockade.Infantry in the combined fleet was not enough, so think about the assault was premature.After a long and persistent negotiations, the Turkish side has finally sent 4.5 thousand troops, and another 2,000 were local militia.It was possible to make a plan of taking an object.
Russian paratroopers, under fire from the fort to land, began to rapidly build two artillery batteries.The rest of the infantry were ordered to attack the progressive strengthening of the French.At the same time the assault began Vido island, whose garrison quickly surrendered.
Ship artillery battery successfully resisted the French, then the assault began.Quickly was captured part of the wall, and then a garrison realized that further resistance to anything good will not.On the admiral's ship "St. Paul" was initiated negotiations for surrender.
Career diplomat
During this operation Ushakov was promoted to full admiral.Even the Turks presented to his former enemy many valuable gifts, recognizing his military talent.After these events, the Russian squadron actively assisted the ground forces Suvorov, who at the time were involved in Northern Italy.Active in the Mediterranean Sea, Russian Admiral completely paralyzed trade routes of the enemy, simultaneously blocking the ports of Genoa and Ancona.Landing his ships perfectly proved himself during the assault and dismissal of French troops in Naples and Rome.
At this time, the old sailor amazed everyone with his talent subtle and skillful diplomat who was able to extinguish the root problems and negotiate with opponents.It was he who facilitated the formation of the Republic of the Seven Islands in Greece, along with other diplomats created a Greek Senate.Introduction of new orders were delighted with the almost all the islanders.Innovations these glorified Ushakov in those parts, but caused extreme discontent Alexander I.
Retirement
All those six months that the admiral had the Ionian Islands were continuing triumph.Locals treated naval commander as their liberator from French occupation.In the homeland of the squadron returned September 26, 1800, moored in Sevastopol.The Emperor was extremely dissatisfied republican views Ushakov, but something to do with him could not, fearing the reaction of the army and navy.In 1802, it is removed from the really important areas, appointed chief rowing fleet in the Baltic Sea and the preparatory camp for sailors.
However, Ushakov and he was glad of it: many years of voyages did not promote health, and therefore already in 1807 he retires.During the attack the French in 1812, he headed the Tambov militia, but because of the poor physical state of health personally in battle is no longer involved.He died the famous admiral in 1817, he was solemnly buried in the monastery Sanaskarskom.
Interesting facts about life
in seafaring history of the world Ushakov came not only as an unsurpassed by anyone on the impact of the admiral, but as the author of an entirely new combat tactics of sailing fleet.He pays great attention to the training of crews of each ship its fleet, which greatly differ from those of those years.Admiral love slave: he was tough and demanding, but not cruel.
What else is known Ushakov?Interesting facts about him hit when the Soviet Union was established by the Order and a medal in his name, it became clear ... that no one knows how to look great naval commander in reality.Only his portrait dated 1912, when Admiral hundred years there was no longer alive.Solution of the problem suggested a famous anthropologist Gerasimov: Admiral crypt was opened (and it turned out that some vandals had already stolen personal belongings and gold sword), a scientist took measurements of the skull, on the basis of which was created by the reconstruction image.This happened in 1944.
But that's not all.Nowadays, this distinguished man was canonized by the Orthodox Church.Now Admiral Ushakov patron saint to all travelers, and those who are just going to embark on a long journey.
And another fact.In Sanaksar Monastery has two grave ... Fyodor Ushakov.One of them - of the admiral.The other belonged to his uncle, who during his life was abbot of the monastery.By studying the archives, researchers found that the famous sailor liked to stay within these walls, resting from the madding crowd.That's why he wrote his will, according to which it was to be buried next to his uncle.
