In the logic of its laws.The main of them - four.Three of them were formed by Aristotle.The laws of Aristotelian logic - it is the law of non-contradiction, excluded middle, identity.Much later, the Basic Law was added to another law - the law of sufficient reason.
laws of propositional logic are directly related to absolutely all the arguments.The logical form, and perform data operations reasoning has no value at all.
There are additional laws of logic.These include:
- double negative;
- contraposition.
on these laws are also constructed various types of meditation.They provide a link thoughts.
laws of logic
first law is the law of identity .The point is that any thought during the arguments must be present any sharp, inner content.It is also important that the content is not altered in the process.Certainty in some sense is a fundamental property of thinking.On the basis of its output and the law of identity: all ideas should be entirely identical to themselves.Various ideas can not be identified under any circumstances.Often the law is violated by the fact that the same thought expressed in different ways.Also, problems arise when the words are used having several very dissimilar values.This thought can be identified incorrectly.
identification incompatible thoughts often occurs when the dialogue are people of different professions, differing levels of education and so on.The identification of the various concepts - is a serious logical fallacy, which in some cases people make deliberate.
laws of logic include the law of non-contradiction .To begin with, the logical thinking - thinking is consistent.Any idea contains a contradiction, can significantly hamper the learning process.Formal logical analysis is based on the necessity of thinking of non-contradiction: if there are two contradictory concepts, then at least one of them must be false.At the same time it is true, they can not, under any circumstances.The law can only act on two completely contradictory judgments.
law of the excluded middle also included in the basic laws of logic.His action also affects the conflicting judgments.The bottom line is that the two opposing opinions are not both false - one is necessarily true.Note that contrary to the judgments referred to such statements, one of which denies anything about the subject or the phenomenon of the world, and the second at the same time asserts the same thing about the same phenomenon or object.In some cases, it could be not quite the phenomenon or object, but only of a particular part of a particular.If unable to prove the truth of one of the conflicting judgments that proved the falsity of the other automatically.
Completes laws of logic law of sufficient reason .He expresses those requirements that apply to the validity of the thoughts.The bottom line is that any idea of having sufficient reason may be considered true.In other words, if you have a thought, there must be a justification.In most cases, the base is a human experience.In some cases, to prove the truth is only possible by providing the facts, gather additional information, and so on.To confirm any individual cases to confirm the truth does not necessarily apply to any experience - in the world there is a set of axioms, that is, that in any needs no proof.
