High-rise buildings.

today are nothing new multi-storey building, but a couple of hundred years ago, even the idea of building homes that height seemed a miracle of engineering.Today, the country compete in the amount of skyscrapers and their beauty.Buildings continue to build, increasing the number of floors and complicating the calculations.

story skyscrapers

Multi-storey building known to mankind for a long time.But the first building, called the skyscraper was built relatively recently - only in 1885 in Chicago.It is ridiculous to say, but then so was named the building, which was only 10 floors, two more came later.Thus, the total height of a skyscraper of the XIX century was just over 50 meters.

Development and improvement of construction technology eventually removed the problem of massive buildings, because the steel frame allowed to cement walls, while reducing overall weight by a third.And the problem of lifting to heights was solved after the invention of electric elevators.

Almost immediately after the first high-rise buildings between builders turned serious struggle for supremacy.Especially acute was the one in which competed with each other skyscrapers of New York in the 20s of XX century.Less than 30 years after the first multi-storey building was built in the tower 241 meters.Over the next 17 years nobody could beat that record, then caught the primacy of the Chrysler Building and the mark 320 on the spire.But less than a year (1931) was open structure later became a symbol of all the skyscrapers.It was the Empire State Building, overcame the barrier of 100 floors.It was built in record time, a little more than a year.

For some time the struggle subsided to in the '70s flare up again.Palm intercepted buildings in different parts of the world, but nobody has been able to hold it for long.Today, she owns the building, the Burj Khalifa, the first and only construction to break the mark of 150 floors.

Design features

construction of tall buildings associated with certain difficulties.Apart from the fact that the architect has to take into account the weight of the building, its seismic resistance and many other parameters, all the calculations have to be very accurate, because otherwise will suffer a lot of people.The desire to achieve certain ambitions should always be mindful of safety and approach the matter rationally.That is why the design of high-rise buildings - is a completely separate discipline, which requires a certain attitude.

However, in the pursuit of reliability, we can not forget about beauty.Conventional concrete box for a long time do not matter, people want a certain elegance and ease of forms, so that the work of the architect will not be called easy.Service skyscrapers - also not an easy task, because even in normal washing windows without the services of industrial climbers deal impossible.And you need to consider security issues that have become more relevant than ever after 11 September 2001, when a fire and collapse of two skyscrapers have claimed countless lives.

record holder

6 of 10 of the highest buildings in the world are located in Asia, however, that the first three places are occupied by buildings, which are located in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and the United States.So, since 2009, the list remains unchanged:

Burj Khalifa (UAE).
Abraj Al Bait (Saudi Arabia).
1 World Trade Center (USA).
Taipei 101 (Taiwan).
Schanhaysky World Trade Center (China).
International Commerce Centre (Hong Kong).
1 Petronas (Malaysia).
2-Petronas (Malaysia).
Grinlend Nanjing (China).
Willis Tower (United States).

Skyscrapers of Moscow and Russia

In the cities of the Russian Federation for a long time, high-rise building of restrained aesthetic and religious considerations.Up until the mid XX century, the highest point of the historic center remained the Ivan the Great Bell in the 81 meters in height.Incidentally, the high-rise building in Russia for a long time had their own names, not borrowed from other languages - tucherezy.The first such project, which had a modern scale, was the building of the Palace of Soviets, which was supposed to have a height of 495 meters.Construction began in 1937, but was interrupted by the war, then this idea was abandoned.

Until the last few decades to introduce a truly high-rise buildings in Russian cities was difficult, it seemed they did not fit into their architectural appearance.Of course, many skeptics today, but the district Moscow City and gained its fans.In St. Petersburg, and is building a skyscraper, promises to be the highest in Europe, but is scheduled to end only in 2019.

Famous skyscraper

Despite the fact that most of them have not included in the list of the highest skyscrapers of New York are the most famous.It was this town comes to mind when it comes to high-rise buildings.The heroines of Hollywood movies live in a penthouse on Manhattan in the evening admiring the panorama.Yes, New York is really impossible to imagine without skyscrapers.Shanghai and Hong Kong have also grown up in record time, but managed to catch the fancy of all have it in its modern form.

By the way, for a long time, "Stalinist" high-rise buildings in Moscow were considered sufficiently interesting and promising branch of architecture.Today, foreign tourists visit them as soon as possible and looks curiously.

Prospects

seems that architects are not going to stop there, so after a couple of decades jokes about oxygen tanks can become a reality.Work has already begun construction of buildings, the height of which is up to 1 kilometer.There are projects for which the subjugation of man-made objects elevations up to 4,000 - a matter of time.True, it is unlikely people will agree to go down to the 800-th floor for half an hour.But surprisingly enough that from a technical point of view, the construction of high-rise buildings of this magnitude possible.Although for such projects became really promising, we would have to rethink the most basic principles of urban construction.