history at the turn of 19-20 centuries dramatically changes its direction: become a decisive industrialization, rationalism and nationalism.Even the concept of "civilization" radically changes its value.There were the notorious writings of Marx, for whom the whole development of human society is inextricably linked to the exploitation of man by man.
Ulyanov-Lenin in the same period, said that this civilization is only possible at a time when the exploiters will be completely destroyed.In short, it was a difficult time.What characterized our Russia at the turn of 19-20 centuries?The history of the country at this time tragic, complicated, full of fatal contradictions.
danger of a new world order
At the turn of the centuries, the whole existence of mankind has come under a big question, because there were preconditions for the most terrible wars in its history.In many ways it happened due to the fact that capitalism came to the stage of monopoly.Large manufacturers gradually with native rulers, there was the ubiquitous merging of the capital.The interests of traders began to obey not only the economy but also the politics of many countries.
Unfortunately, Russia at the turn of 19-20 centuries, has not escaped the same process.It is particularly important to note that Monopoly Capital was formed in our country due to the following factors: firstly, the transition to capitalism in Russia there was late;secondly, the role played and the uneven development of land;Third, it retains the full injustice of workers and peasants layer separation grew between the social strata of the country.
What was going on in the social life of the period?
social and political system in Russia is slow, but significant changes.Social structure of the population was very heterogeneous.The nobility, although they are relatively few, still continues to push his people to all management posts.But in the period we are describing more nobles were willing to contact with the bourgeoisie.
This distinguishes Russia at the turn of 19-20 centuries.Briefly discussing this topic, it can be concluded that "at the forefront" of the revolutionary movement was the peasantry, but it is not.Why is that?
not less than 80% of the population were peasants.Under the influence of the capitalist trends of their structure became more heterogeneous: approximately 20% of the total produced accumulation of funds and land, becoming, in essence an analogue of small landowners;but the majority of people living way of life relevant to the 15-16 century.
From their midst came out a huge number of workers who are constantly fed the life of big cities.But all farmers, regardless of their "species", integrated agrarian question.In fact, they were tied to their land, the loss of which wraps ruin even the wealthiest of them.So the peasants were the least interested in major social upheavals: they were politically neutral, they are not particularly interested in the loud slogans.That changed during the First World War, when the permanent levies and government loans have put many of them to the brink of survival.
As for the bourgeoisie, she grew up in numerical terms, but the political role of this social layer was negligible.Its role was simple: a large, prosperous bourgeoisie demonstrated loyalty to the autocratic power, while small and medium fought for minor changes in the political life of the country.
working class
worst had the working class.By 1913, workers made up about 20% of the population, and their conditions of life and work is sometimes really "bestial" inhuman.In fact, up until 1906 no one was interested in the fact that somehow protect their rights.So Russia 19-20 centuries, far removed from the 18 th century Russia.The same principles of agriculture, lack of equipment and disregard for human life ...
Important!Despite the fact that now many Western and pro-Western historians insist, though workers in Western Europe and the United States had a much better living and working conditions, it is not so: the advancement of the Western proletariat happened just after 1917, when the government,frightened by the real possibilities of desperate lower classes of society, made him many favors.
bureaucracy
Separately to say about how at the time he lived and developed bureaucratic social layer.In fact, it is these people ruled by Russia at the turn of 19-20 centuries.Thanks to the officials in the Russian government formed a monopoly, when even small orders to the needs of the country were located exclusively in "their" enterprises, which are often overestimated the cost of work by dozens of times.
especially obvious bureaucratic monopoly traced to banks: they gave favorable loans exclusively by its own enterprises, which greatly hindered the development of industry and manufacturing.Thus, this layer is closely linked with the big bourgeoisie, the landlords and the nobility, whose interests are protected everywhere.This distinguishes Russia at the turn of 19-20 centuries.Socio-economic development in Western Europe was going much faster, because in these countries, banks are much more willing to give money to the private sector and small-scale industrialists, who could create and test new methods of production.
Clergy
It was yet another privileged class.In theory, it was supposed to follow the moral foundations of society, but in fact it turned out so that the clergy was engaged almost exclusively supported autocracy.In general, Russia at the turn of 19-20 centuries was a country, it is surprising patriarchal and religious.The church continued to have on the minds of uneducated peasants huge impact.
emergence of intellectuals
This layer was special, as formed of other societies, and that did not have any conspicuous reference to the economic component.In general, the intelligentsia is the domestic social phenomenon, which is particularly clearly manifested only in the time of Alexander II.
repeatedly by many researchers in their writings theorize that Russia at the turn of 19-20 centuries, came to the "abyss revolution" only because of this class, but in fact this was not.Oddly enough, but the intelligentsia at that time was infinitely far from revolutionary ideas.In contrast, the representatives of this layer supported the idea of a democratic society, and they advocated for a gradual change and transformation of the socio-political layer without sharp, bloody turmoil.
Another thing is that at the beginning of the twentieth century, many intellectuals, feeling their utter helplessness in the real transformations, violence was seen as a "necessary evil", without which it will be able to do.
role of foreign capital
Like now, Russia has been an attractive target for foreign investment, as the huge raw material reserves and virtually free labor was allowed to receive tremendous profits without much cost.In such circumstances, foreign capital actively spliced with domestic, which contributed to the further enrichment of officials and social stratification.
So, what was Russia at the turn of 19-20 centuries?In short, it was a country with an incredible social and economic stratification of society, lack of interest in the ruling circles of real change and reform.At the same time, the country urgently required immediate modernization and industrialization.Carry it all had in a patriarchal, conservative society, with a constant and chronic shortage of money in the treasury.
crisis in terms of contradictions
After the crisis of 1900-1903, the country was "on the beans," there was no money at all.After the war with Japan's external debt rose to four billion rubles in gold.The sum in those days simply incredible.The government tried to reduce the public deficit by increasing the tax burden, reduce the cost of economic, military and cultural programs.Investments for some time allowed to keep the economy afloat, that's just on the eve of World War II, annual payments of 450 million rubles.
Actually, only for debt relief and the government of Nicholas entered the war on the side of the Entente.Step ill-conceived and led to disastrous consequences.That's what was characterized by Russia at the turn of 19-20 centuries: the socio-economic development proceeded at a snail's pace in the ossified dogmas of the past century authorities acted too slowly and lightly.
«Grocery question»
as providing products Russia at the turn of 19-20 centuries?Agriculture is developing extremely extensive way, the peasants did not even have a primitive technology, the whole country did not have enough to pair and tractors.Productivity was low, but at the same time on the world market Russia did not like: she was selling huge quantities of grain at low prices, thus engaging in dumping this.This grain underserved people in the country, cases of starvation have been something familiar.
So Russia lived at the turn of 19-20 centuries: the economy was based on the unbridled exploitation of cheap human resources, factories were built exclusively on foreign subsidies that are "absorbed" by the same officials, resulting in a real development almost was not.
domestic policy
whole policy of Nicholas was built on the principles of great power.The entire system of government was aimed at to Russia at the turn of 19-20 centuries (history has shown the fallacy of this way) continued to be an autocratic country.Against this background, continue to deepen the social chasm between the various layers of Russian society.
former landowners continued to receive the best land, while the peasants huddled in the poorest, marginal holdings.Officials maintained its banks and the production cost is almost plunder of their country, and was a real industry.
Home reorientation to domestic producers
That this was Russia at the turn of 19-20 centuries.General characteristics can make you the idea that the state does nothing to maintain their production.Unfortunately, in most cases this was indeed the case, but with time the situation began to change.Too slow, but it was progress.
example, was introduced progressive tariff (1891), in 1900-1903 the government has tried to support the domestic industry and the banking system (you can guess where the money went).The government even tried to keep control of the nascent movement of peasants and workers, organizing their union legal.
political reforms in 1905, was finally formed Constitutional Democratic Party, which insisted on making all the progressives of that era.Party to "push" the idea of creating two chambers of parliament, as well as the restoration of the principles laid down judicial reform in 1864.
Parliamentarians achieve full abolition of redemption payments for farmers (a true relic of slavery in the 20th century!), We discussed the distribution of land in need of it, the proposed ban on overtime nonnormable labor workers, and insisted on the introduction of a real criminal liability for those entrepreneurswho violate the provisions of the Labour Act.
That this was Russia at the turn of 19-20 centuries (summary).Grade 9 secondary school studying the same issues, but educational program gives an incomplete analysis of the reasons which led to tremendous social upheaval of the time.
