underwater world of the seas and oceans has always aroused the interest of the people.It is very useful and curious to find out what kinds of plants and animals, it is presented?So For many decades scientists have conducted a variety of thorough research in this area.Has accumulated a huge variety of information, man has learned to use for their needs practically all known species of marine plants and animals.
One such useful and important in the economic activity of people have become representatives of kelp.We talk about them in detail.
Systematic position kelp
Class Kelp takes a bulk portion of the flora of the seas.Today there are about a thousand species representatives, united in 250 genera.All of them are multicellular, and often quite impressive size.
general plan of systematic position which take Brown seaweed, can be represented as:
- Empire - Cell.
- superkingdom - eukaryotes.
- kingdom - Plants.
- Subkingdom - Lower plants or algae.
- Division - ochrophyta.
- Class - Brown algae.
among kelp plants are found as a small size and a real giant.Consider what features they have in the structure of the body, and who treats them.
general plan of the building structure
kelp is not much different from that of the rest of their relatives.The body is represented thallus thallus or not differentiated into parts, it has no leaves and roots.The organs of attachment to the substrate are special appendages resembling small tentacle-roots called rhizoids.
most of his life holds the vast number of species, attach to the substrate.However, there are free-swimming on the surface of the representatives.A feature of the thallus can be called well-defined large leaf plate.Sometimes they have a very bad cut, which makes the building look like a kelp strands.So often some members of the so-called - filamentous.
The chemical composition of the plant cells includes special substance-containing pigment in chloroplasts.It:
- fucoxanthin;
- chlorophyll;
- xanthophyll.
They are designed to absorb some of the solar spectrum that can penetrate deep into the thickness of the sea.Also, these types of pigments impart the brown color.It is through this data algae can live at depths of up to 200 m, although still prefer the coastal zones and the depth of not less than 15 m.
in the cell wall contains a special acid - alginic, which is one of the reasons for the production of algae person.Kelp are found among plants on which special shaped lumps filled with air.This is in order to keep afloat at the water surface, as well as to develop freely within the germ cells for reproduction.
The process of leaving offspring is of three types:
- Asexual, using the dispute.
- floors, with the participation of gametes.
- vegetative parts of the body.
Another interesting substance, which is part of the thallus kelp is fucoidan.It is a polysaccharide with a complex structure, which has a broad spectrum of therapeutic action (anti-cancer agent, an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunomodulating).This is another reason why the production of kelp people.
Occurrence
To brown algae include species that prefer the sea.However, representatives of four genera prefer to live in fresh water - Heribaudiella, Pleurokladiya, Bodanella and Sfatselyariya.There
these plants throughout all the seas of the world, but the highest concentration is necessary in the aquatic temperate latitudes, as well as the Circumpolar zone.Some representatives form a significant part of the flora of salt marshes.
should be noted that to the brown algae are the Giants, who have chosen their habitat Atlantic Ocean.They formed a sea there, named in their honor Sargasso.This seaweed Sargassum.
That is the climatic conditions are not so important for the life of the plants, so they spread so widely and in large quantities.
class representatives: makrotsistis
To brown algae are macrostructures, the most striking example of which is makrotsistis.This is one of the largest and most massive representatives of these plants.Thallus length up to 60 m, and the mass culture equates to 150 kg.
widespread they are mainly in the waters of the temperate zone.The special features of the building include the broad leaf fronds and balloons to them, serving to hold the float at the surface.Rhizoids also available on the thallus, these plants are attached to the rocky and stony substrates at a depth of about 25 m.
thallus cell composition includes a lot of useful and important substances for humans, that it is widely used by mining makrotsistis.What is the matter?
- polysaccharides and amino acids - are used in the cosmetic industry to be added to creams, tonics, lotions, and so forth.
- iodine, silicon, phosphorus, and other elements.
- Alginic acid - is used in the chemical industry for the production of synthetic fibers and fabrics.
seaweed itself systematically belongs to the genus Laminaria.
Analipus Japanese
plant, constitute a family Hordarievye kelp.The representatives of this taxon have vertical thallus is not too high size.Thus analipus reaches 30 cm in length.Thus depart from the major axis side branches, but usually they are not further branched.
Rhizoids removed in the sole, through which the plant is attached to rocks in coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean and adjacent areas.Normal view to Sakhalin, Kamchatka and the Sea of Japan coast of the Kuril Islands.
Tull multicavity this alga develops over a lifetime.In habitats with strong surf seaweed becomes pressed against the bottom of the plant, more like a cake.
Laminaria
also important kelp Laminaria, a representative of the eponymous family.It consists of numerous species, most of which is considered to be Japanese Kelp or Seaweed.This plant is common in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean and is a great value for the person.
Build presented a long, up to 12 m thallus having the form of a wide band brown.Rhizoids bottom thalli are to be attached to a stony and rocky substrates.
How useful people kelp?
- methionine - an amino acid, the content of which this plant, even a champion among terrestrial vegetables.
- Minerals, iodine, trace elements - are abundantly present in the cells of kelp.
- Carbohydrates give this plant a high nutritional value.
With this composition, kelp is used for animal feed, is used as a valuable product for the people, known for its properties in cosmetics and dietetics.
Bladder
very valuable from a medical point and the following representatives - fucus (fucus).They are also called "sea grapes", which they received for the interesting structure of the thallus.It is very gripping, dissecting and resembles a bunch of fruit.These plants - a storehouse of all possible nutrients and essential substances, which generally contain kelp.Representatives there are about 19 taxa.
Externally thallium short, olive-colored, quite massive, dense.Habitats Plants: almost all the seas and oceans, particularly the White Sea.
Substances in the composition and having a value of:
- about 42 chemical elements;
- amino acids and fatty acids;
- vitamins from group A to RR;
- fucoidan.
Sargassum
also brown algae are plants like Sargassum.Tull reaches a length of up to 10 m, especially considering the ability to form bumps on the tops of the air bubbles.Through this whole thicket of plants form the surface of the water (in the Atlantic Sargasso Sea).Attached to the bottom of the rocky surface.
main applications of these species for human consumption (Asian countries), animal feed, production of drugs.Habitat: tropical regions.
Padin
Very interesting kelp, the color of which is far from the class name.More reminiscent of white mushrooms volnushki its beautiful small fan-shaped thallus.This plant is very heat-loving, so common in tropical areas and near the coast of America.Mainly used in medicine and cosmetology.
