Man is the most complex living organism.His system of different complicated structure and are optimized for survival on land.The brain and the entire nervous system allow a person to evaluate information about the environment, to a life in which it is adapted.All other systems are responsible for the vitality and movement that is inherent in any animal.
scientific approach
science that studies the features of the morphological structure of the human body is called anatomy.It highlights the internal structure of man and the external, the general laws of the parameters of organs and body parts, the development during the embryonic period.Pathological anatomy - the direction of this field of knowledge, which studies the structure of the body of abnormal character.Both of these sciences are very important for biology and practical medicine.
is noteworthy that one of the methods of anatomy is the study of the structure of bodies at the sectional study.Such activities are carried out only in the last 150 years, since before the opening time people hardly practiced and considered a crime.Today an autopsy of the deceased is a necessary component of the development of medical science.This allows you to optimize the diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.
second science, providing a wealth of information about the structure of human organs is histology.It studies the internal structure of a person at the micro level, that is under the microscope.Cytology and immunochemistry are methods of studying cells.
characteristic morphology
internal structure of the human body has many similarities with the anatomy of animals Class mammals.This is due to the fact that from the perspective of evolutionary theory of man - a mammal.He developed in parallel with other members of this class and has a resemblance to them in the structure of the body and in the cellular structure.In addition, even at the genetic level, humans and other mammals are very similar.
Understanding body
The anatomy of the external and internal structure of man does not stand out in different directions.There is only anthropometry and the doctrine of internal organs, nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, muscles and bones.The structure of the skin seen in histology and neurology.The very structure of the scheme of human simple and easy to play.
Elementary unit of a living cell in the body is.The accumulation of cells with the same function and structure called cloth.Several tissues form organs, which are combined in the system.Because the body should be provided as a system of organs whose functions are balanced.
Systems organs
They form a body and are responsible for vital functions of the body.In turn, the bodies are composed of tissues, and the tissue - of similar cells.And the body is composed of the following systems:
- musculoskeletal;
- digestive;
- breathing;
- nervous;
- cardiovascular;
- urinary;
- sex;
- the covering;
- endocrine.
studying the internal structure of the human body, it is impossible to allocate primary and secondary system.All of them are important in their own way, and functioning together, provide livelihoods of the whole organism.
structure of the locomotor system
This system of responsible for the movement and maintenance of body position.It consists of a skeleton, ligaments and joints, muscles.Bone - a complex organ consisting of organic substances (proteins) and inorganic (hydroxyapatite).It is a living structure of the body, unable to move independently.For the connection of bones meet ligaments and joints.Also, some of them may be connected by complete fusion.An example is the fusion of the pelvic bone (pubic, ischial and ileum).This method of connection is called a bone synostosis.
active organs of the musculoskeletal system is a muscle.It has a fibrous structure.The muscle fascia is covered, and the tendon attached to the bone.Its reduction drives the bones connected to the joint.These changes allow the body to position the bones move.This movement signals are fed and sent to the brain to the muscles through the nerves.
digestive system is one of the most complex systems, which includes a lot of bodies.They are divided into parenchymal (liver, etc.) and hollow (the whole intestinal tube).The entire system consists of a mouth with their bodies (teeth, tongue, salivary glands), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and digestive glands.
oral cavity is the beginning of the digestive tract.This is a hollow body which serves to capture food and shredding teeth as well as to wet with saliva.Pharynx and esophagus - a conductive path for partially processed foods, which must first get into the stomach.
The stomach is preparing to fully break down food, which should occur in the intestines.It begins with a 12-duodenum, jejunum and ileum continues and ends with the colon.In the 12 duodenum food should fully processed by enzymes, and lean all the nutrients must be absorbed.In the large intestine gets only that part of the food that a person can not digest because of a lack of digestive enzymes.
important role in digestion plays liver and pancreas.The latter allocates enzymes for cleavage of carbohydrate and protein foods while liver need for excretion of bile acids that can complete the processes of emulsification of fats and activated pancreatic enzymes.
After the absorption of food components food moves to the large intestine.Here there is an optional microflora, necessary for digestion of cellulose and pectin.Of these substances, bacteria synthesize vitamins.In the colon, they are absorbed along with water (water-soluble) or directly penetrate through the intestinal wall (liposoluble).Ends digestive system of the rectum, through which removes all remnants of undigested food.
respiratory and cardiovascular systems
internal structure of a person, whose scheme is presented tissues, organs and organ systems, can not exist without blood circulation and respiration.These two systems are interconnected.Because they should be considered together.
respiratory system formed hollow organs: respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, the tracheobronchial tree) and light.Each lung is surrounded by the pleura.
function of the respiratory system are the oxygenation of blood and removal of carbon dioxide.Also different parts of the respiratory tract plays a supporting role: warming and humidifying the supply air.This light is also involved in the regulation of acid-base equilibrium plasma (due to the removal of carbon dioxide).
Cardiovascular system performs the transport function, delivering associated with hemoglobin oxygen to the tissues.With it also receives nutrients: amino acids, fatty acids, glucose.The cardiovascular system is represented in heart arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, lymphatic vessels and nodes.
nervous and endocrine systems
nervous system plays the role of regulator of body functions.The internal structure of the person whose photos give a clear idea about the structure of our body, can not be considered separately from the nervous and humoral systems.They are just as important as the other.The nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord, nerves and nerve endings.These structures are responsible for almost all functions, giving "orders" of other systems.
endocrine system also plays the role of regulator functions and biological processes.It is responsible for growth, reproduction, metabolism.The regulation of these processes is due to the release of hormones.The entire endocrine system is represented by separate glands, controlling the activities of which carries the pituitary gland.It secretes vasopressin, oxytocin, tropic hormones and releasing factors.Vasopressin regulates the amount of fluid in the body, and oxytocin - uterine contractions during labor.
tropic pituitary hormones are signals to other endocrine glands (thyroid and adrenal glands).Releasing factor - a substance through which regulates the function of the hypothalamus.The latter is the structure of the brain.
urinary and reproductive systems
urinary system is represented by the kidneys to urinary tract (ureter, bladder, urethra).In men, it is inextricably linked to the sex organs (testes, spermatic cord, seminal vesicles, prostate).In women, the functioning of both systems has fewer similarities.The urethra of the body is not connected with the reproductive system, provided uterus, ovary, vagina and labia.
ovaries in women and testes of males - a cancer that have two types of glands: exocrine and interior.It is a mixed gland secretion involved in the formation of sex cells and regulation of the functions of the reproductive system.At the same time the structure of the internal organs, photos and diagrams are contained in this publication is subject to the principles of the sexual dimorphism.Their structure is different in men and women, although there are some similarities.
integumentary system
internal structure of the human body is a collection of organs that are deeper than the skin.The latter covers the body from the outside and regulates temperature, protects against external damaging factors of biological, mechanical and chemical nature.Leather completes the holistic image of the anatomical body.
Diagram of the body and its functioning
structure of internal organs, photos and diagrams which are contained in textbooks of anatomy, is seen as a collection of cells, united in the tissue.Recent and form organs.In addition, each of them in its own way participates in life.While it is important that all organ systems are interconnected.For example, locomotor responsible for the maintenance of posture and movement in space.However, its power is supplied through the vascular system, anti - due to immunologic processes, and muscle movement provided by nerve impulses.
examining the whole structure of human, women's internal organs, for example, or men, any researcher will find a lot of relationships.The most important of these functions is the regulation of breathing, digestion and blood circulation through the nervous system.The presence of respiratory center allows the brain to autonomously regulate breathing and heartbeat.
addition endocrine glands affect cardiac function by means of adrenaline and noradrenaline.And only on this principle organized internal structure of the human.Photos and diagrams of some of the thematic sections are enclosed in the publication.
