Just a few months have passed since the return of the monument FE Dzerzhinsky on Lubyanka Square.Opponents and supporters of this decision of the authorities was a great set.In order to understand the reasons for such a stormy public reaction, try to understand the role of the individual in the history of the Iron Felix USSR.
Felix Dzerzhinsky: biography
famous statesman of the Soviet epoch began his career in the family of landed gentry - Edward Iosifovicha Dzerzhinsky, an employee of the local grammar school teacher.Name of the Soviet Commissioner - Felix - Latin translates as "happy".And it was given to the child because his mother fell in a few days before the birth of negligence in the open cellar, not only did not break itself, but was able to protect her child from injury.
Dzerzhinsky family lived a wealthy life.Once in 1882, the head of the family died of tuberculosis, the mother alone had to raise nine children, the eldest of whom at that time was twelve years old, and the youngest - just a year and a half.
Despite all these difficulties, Felix had the opportunity to study in a Lithuanian gymnasium, where in 1895, met with representatives of the Social Democratic movement and joined the party.With regard to the training of diligence, the Contemporaries evaluated the knowledge of the young man as mediocre.So, from the documents that Dzerzhinsky stayed twice in the first class and could not finish the training, he received only a certificate of completion of the eighth grade.By the way, Russian and Greek, he had unsatisfactory marks.
However, failure in school does not interfere with a successful underground activity.Dzerzhinsky in 1896, is actively propaganda among the artisans and factory workers, for which he was repeatedly convicted and sentenced to hard labor, and links.Even while in prison, Dzerzhinsky is preparing for the October Revolution, organized the first detachments of the Red Guard in Moscow, participated in the meetings of the party.After the revolution took important posts in the Soviet government, became the head of detachments Commissariats (People's Commissariat - the central authority in the Union republics) and founded the Cheka (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counterrevolution and Sabotage).
Felix Dzerzhinsky died of a heart attack caused by a nervous breakdown during a speech at a meeting of the Central Committee, 20 July 1926.
State activity
Occupying government positions in the newly formed military government, Dzerzhinsky developed all the same feverish activity that was typical during the revolutionary underground activities.Iron Felix figure in the history of the formation and organization of the Soviet Union is still ambiguous.And today is a lot of debate.
being appointed as head of the Cheka, Felix has established itself as a hard and cruel leader who ruthlessly destroys any attempt to disobedience.It was during his reign in the CHK enters the constant practice of the policy of terror.No coincidence that with the activities of the KGB until much later in the West will communicate the most horrible rumors and mystery.
Dzerzhinsky thought that in the struggle against counterrevolution allowed any measures including mass terror.It is credited with the famous statement that repressionnaya policy Cheka is extremely important and necessary, even if the "sword it falls on the heads of innocent coincidence."He actively opposed the restrictions of office agency, openly advocated the use of the harshest measures against the rebels.
At the same time the name of the great "Chekist" associated with more creative activities.So, after the October Revolution in the streets is about five million homeless, and that led Dzerzhinsky Boarding begins to build temporary detention, the orphanage and children's home, where children receive all necessary assistance and had the opportunity to learn.Among the first immigrants of such institutions - eight former street kids who became academician of the USSR, and one of them - Nikolai Dubin - he went down in history as a world-renowned geneticist.
Another party political activities Dzerzhinsk is its active participation in sports life of the country.Realizing that law enforcement officers can not be without a good fitness level, it creates a DSO "Dynamo", which today is one of the most popular sports clubs in Russia.
Felix took part in the economic development of the state.The Supreme Economic Council, he was engaged in the development of small-scale private trading, trying to create favorable conditions for the development of farmers' markets, searching for ways to reduce production costs.
also a revolutionary pro-actively supported the policies of the country's industrialization.Under his command there is a single metallurgical complex, which has become one of the most advanced in the world.At the same time Dzerzhinsky criticized the government and the party has seen a major error in the concentration of attention on the military Metallic.Due to disagreement with similar economic policies he has repeatedly asked for his resignation.
Dzerzhinsky art
image of the invincible Iron Felix was often used by writers and filmmakers.Images statesman adorned postage stamps.His work in verse sung by Soviet authors and expressions Pioneers USSR, and his fate was told in a variety of bibliographic Roma.In addition, there is an autobiography written by Dzerzhinsky in different years, as well as a number of works devoted to the national security of the country.An ambiguous portrait of revolutionary encountered in literary works, memoirs of his contemporaries.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the name of the "great and terrible" and was left forgotten.During the perestroika years the story of one man in the story of the infallibility of the companions of the hero of the revolution passed into stories of ruthless criminals and terrorists.
In today's debate on the significance of the figures in the history of the Soviet Union Dzerzhinsky not subside, and his image continues to inspire contemporary writers and poets.So mention of Felix found in the works of such bands as "Liapis Trubetskoy" and "Aquarium".
Places named after Dzerzhinsky
After the death of the name of Dzerzhinsky was given a variety of towns and villages in the various republics of the Soviet Union.In honor of him called universities, plazas, squares and parks, military units, factories and ships.Name Iron Felix was assigned streets and schools.Known as the chief security officer honored associate revolution and loyal friend and comrade Lenin.
In Russia today there are more than a dozen villages, bearing the name of Dzerzhinsky, moreover, in the Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow regions have the same name of the city: Dzerzhinsk and Dzerzhinsk.
in the two former Soviet republics - Ukraine and Belarus - is also located about forty different villages and towns, as well as several major cities, named after the famous revolutionary.After the collapse of the Soviet Union was taking a number of attempts to rename or restore original names of settlements, but more open debate and multiple votes is not moved.
Geographic features
Besides cities and towns, is the name of Dzerzhinsky, and a number of geographic features.Thus, the highest point on the territory of modern Belarus is considered a mountain Dzerzhinsky.And in the Pamirs (mountain range located in Central Asia at the junction of Tajikistan, China, Afghanistan and India), the top of the ridge Zaalaysky called Dzerzhinsky peak.
monuments on the territory of the Russian Federation
monuments and busts devoted to the memory of the great leader of the revolution, there are in many cities in Russia and some CIS countries.So, one of the most famous monument to Dzerzhinsky considered to Volgograd, which was established immediately after the death of Felix.Naturally, in the city, named in honor of the statesman, is a monument to Dzerzhinsky Square.Even get a pun: in Dzerzhinsk Dzerzhinsk is a monument to Dzerzhinsky.Samara also has his personal head of the Cheka, set it on the forecourt of the city.Other monuments and obelisks are located in Izhevsk, Ufa, Donetsk, Barnaul, Astrakhan and Penza.
Particular attention should note the monument, located in the city of Dzerzhinsk.The fact that there once existed one of the communes, created especially for the young homeless.It natives of educational institutions, which subsequently managed to "break out in people," and put on their own resources first, then a plaster, a monument to the famous revolutionary.It was a stretch on the main square right in front of the red commune, once the former building of the local monastery.However, the plaster - it is not very durable material, and therefore the fall of 2004 the monument finally collapsed.Then the city administration, it was decided to restore the monument, but now made of bronze.
interesting that, in contrast to the monuments of the same Lenin, Dzerzhinsky monument in every city is different.Changing not only the clothes, the position of the hands and the head of the Iron Felix, but even revolutionary age is different.This unusual for the Soviet school of sculpture feature can be caused by attempts to display different traits and life periods Dzerzhinsky.After all, for the residents of Volgograd Iron Felix - this is a famous Chekist immortal head of the NKVD, and in a small Dzerzhinsk remember and honor him as the main benefactor, ensure a happy and carefree childhood for a few hundred Soviet Communards.
Busts and monuments on the territory of CIS countries
In post-Soviet monuments to this statesman save some.Most of the sculptures and busts was dismantled in the early years of perestroika.The haste with which these measures were taken, makes believe that the removal of the monument to Dzerzhinsky have a mandatory ritual that is vital to the transition to the era of "wild" capitalism.
Despite a series of riots in some cities is still preserved mention of the existence of Felix.Such "reminder" can be found in the squares and parks of Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Republic of Transnistria, Kyrgyzstan.
Note that in these countries the monument to Dzerzhinsky poses no special cultural value.But no one seek to get rid of them.After all, it is still part of our history.
Demolition of the monument to Dzerzhinsky in Moscow
And now the most important monuments.Monument to Dzerzhinsky in Moscow was set on the historical and almost mystical place - Lubyanka Square.It was located right in front of the building where in different years were the central offices of the security forces, the KGB, the MGB, NKVD, NKGB and OGPU USSR.Today on the same place is the Russian FSB.The sculpture was created by order of the party and Stalin's personal orders, and project the future monument designed in those days known sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich.
sculpture was in its rightful place until the 1991 coup, when angry and frustrated crowd literally swept away "satrap and tyrant" with its rightful pedestal.In an atmosphere of constant tension and unwarranted aggression demolition of the monument to Dzerzhinsky it seemed the least of the challenges facing the new government.She has enough trouble without that.
So when demolished the monument to Dzerzhinsky to Lubyanka Square, itself a monument was removed and transferred to a park.After all the excitement associated with the transition from one political system to another, subsided, it appears that most of the population of the city of Moscow does not feel in relation to the monument of all that the old hatred that is so widely broadcast on television screens and "pouring" from the pagesRussian and Western newspapers.About the monument itself and about the role of personality in history, all suddenly forgot ...
further fate of the monument
As mentioned earlier, after the coups of the monument to Dzerzhinsky on Lubyanka Square was dismantled and moved to a less prominent place, namely the Moscow Art Park.There would have him stand up to the end of time, but in 2013 the public again, "stirred up" and made a new proposal.Now the demolition of the monument to Dzerzhinsky in Moscow appeared almost the most barbaric and senseless act of all time adjustment.
Russians insisted that, whatever the famous Soviet leader, to forget about his role in the history of the country is impossible.According to the results of opinion polls revealed that about half of the capital's residents have advocated for that monument to Dzerzhinsky in Moscow was restored.Frankly against such an initiative advocated a total of about twenty-nine percent of respondents, the majority do not care so much deserved re-erection of the monument, as the cost of this operation.
However, the return of the monument to Dzerzhinsky still held in 2014, already after the dismantling of the monument survived repeated and thorough reconstruction.Vozvrasheniya monument to his rightful place was dedicated to the 137th anniversary of Felix.Thus, the historical justice to triumph, got its former appearance and Lubyanka Square.Dzerzhinsky monument back to its rightful place.
Expert opinion: the voices for and against
At a time when the Russian Public Opinion Research Center conducted a survey of the population about the fact whether they want to restore the monument to Dzerzhinsky, inter alia analyze and opinion of Russians about the personality of a revolutionary.
It turned out that the history and activities of the Iron Felix familiar with most of the respondents (about seventy-nine per cent), approving of him and his actions in this case echoed forty-seven percent of respondents.At the same time, every third Russian has expressed the idea that, despite disagreements over the methods used, the activity of the famous Cheka deserves respect.Twenty-six percent of respondents said that a monument to Dzerzhinsky Square to be, even though they do not feel in relation to this person any strong emotions.Summarizing all the above, we may note that the whole modern society is set up in relation to the historical figure of the neutral-positive.
However, after the monument to Dzerzhinsky on Lubyanka Square was back in place, and there were expert opinions opponents such sudden change.
So, for example, the negative opinion expressed by a freelance journalist Konstantin Eggert.He believes that such honors monument to Dzerzhinsky did not deserve.A similar view is shared by other representatives of contemporary intellectuals.According to them, the monument, as well as Lenin's Mausoleum on Red Square - it vestiges of a bygone era, which made meaningless and totally undeserved still life in contemporary Russia.Moreover, for many it was an unpleasant discovery of the fact that the monuments to victims of repression and their NKVD chief tormentor were set (or reset) at intervals of several months.This "duality", according to many, is bordered by duplicity.And nothing good can bring to society.
On the other hand, a number of experts, who welcomed the return of the monument to its original location, notice that it was necessary first of all to ensure that society does not forget about their history and their heritage.Concealing the real facts, they say, will only lead to a repetition of past mistakes.
