History knows several iconic personalities of tёzkami named employed in one sphere of activity, and, nevertheless, fundamentally different ways to change the course of history.
Patriarch Filaret, whose years of life coincided with a period of major social upheaval, is one of the most controversial figures in Russian history, whose actions and historical significance for the whole of Russia difficult to assess objectively.However, this person significantly changed the course of political and social developments, in particular, acting in the interests of his family and providing a firm position of the Romanov dynasty on the throne.
Throughout his life Patriarch Filaret Romanov - in the world Fedor Nikitivich - suffered permanent status and career highs, and the following fall.As a non-religious person, but by chance take the post of Metropolitan, he continually kept in touch with the higher clergy of Moscow, making himself righteous and the Honourable image corresponding to the status of the Third Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.This talented, domineering, ambitious man could not remain in the annals of history.
His namesake of the monastic name, self-proclaimed as a result of the split of the Russian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Filaret of Kiev, Mikhail Denisenko in the world, known for the uninitiated person as an ardent supporter of Ukrainian identity.The main result of the activities of Patriarch Filaret is to create an independent Ukrainian Orthodox Church and the public support for military operations in the south-east of Ukraine.He publicly expressed his negative attitude to Putin after the annexation of the Crimea.Patriarch Filaret, Ukraine, according to which should be independent and autonomous, well known for his harsh statements against other officials.
Whatever it was, but speaking for the independence of Ukraine, Filaret defends the interests, first and foremost, the majority of citizens of this country, so in this text, there is no search for the sacred truths, but there is a set of facts that allow the maximum extent acquainted with the rich lifethis religious leader.
Patriarch Filaret Romanov: genealogy and family life
cleric was not easy.Patriarch Filaret biography is remarkable that he was the nephew of Anastasia Zakharina, St. George - the first wife of Ivan the Terrible.Thus, the Romanov clan joined the dynasty of Russian tsars.Rhode Zakharina Anastasia (aka St. George's, Cat's) was in the service of the Moscow rulers in the 14th century.The importance of this family in the direction the country has increased since 1584, when Ivan the Terrible left for minor son Theodore guardian Boyar Nikita Romanovich, his brother died of Anastasia, whose repute was the basis for the popularity of the Romanov family.
Relationship Godunov and Romanov were not hostile.On the contrary, at the wedding in the kingdom of Boris Romanov gave many privileges, but it could not mitigate the growing struggle for the throne.
Youth and youth
Nikitivich Fedor Romanov was born in 1553.With practical secular mindset, Fedor Nikitivich never wanted to take any priesthood.In his youth, he was one of the most famous Moscow Shchegolev.
received an excellent education, excellent connecting love for books and love for secular dress, Fedor Nikitivich learned, even the Latin language, resorting to the help of specially written for him Latin books.According to his contemporaries, he was curious, beautiful, clever and friendly young man.
Metropolitan of Rostov
Being one of the main opponents of Boris Godunov, Fedor Nikitivich with the rest of the Romanovs boyars, and many other families in 1600 was subjected to the royal favor.The beginning of this process was initiated by a false accusation.Theodore was forcibly tonsured a monk and exiled to the north of the Principality, in Antony of Siya Monastery, located 90 kilometers from Kholmogory.In earlier times, the monastic tonsure is a means of depriving a person of political power.However, to give a new name, Filaret Romanov also received sympathy and support of compatriots sent into exile as a royal descendant and rightful king of Russia.The monastery
future metropolitan was under strict supervision - his officers to prevent any independent action, while constantly complaining to Moscow for his temper.But most of all Filaret Romanov missed his family.
June 30, 1605, after a coup d'etat with honors Filaret was returned to Moscow on a relative imaginary king False Dmitry, and in 1606 he became Metropolitan of Rostov.After the overthrow of the impostor Filaret in 1606, while in Moscow, was sent to Uglich body of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich on the orders of the new king Vasily Ivanovich.While Filaret was in Uglich, Shumsky erected for the post of Patriarch of Moscow Kazan Metropolitan Hermogenes, and Fedor went to the allocated under its protectorate of the Department of Rostov Veliky, where he remained until 1608.
Tushino events
Due to dislike people to Shumsky, and the emergence on the political scene of a new pretender, military rebel forces approached Moscow itself.Patriarch of Moscow urgently dispatched by the state of ratification, which punished archpastors pray for Tsar Vasily and described the course of events.Patriarch Filaret, who had a brief biography was full of momentous facts, talked about the state of global shocks, Bolotnikov rebellion, gangs, "Tushino thief", on which he remained loyal to the king, and he later suffered.In 1608 the troops of the Second False Dmitry took Rostov, ruined city, and Patriarch Filaret was captured and taken to bullying Tushino camp.
in Tushino pretender and his men began to put Fedor appropriate honors and was given the title of "Filaret, Patriarch of Moscow."There is no doubt that Feodor Nikitivich did not appreciate this position - in Tushino blyuli and held it by force.Instruments, which have reached us from 1608 - 1610's, do not give the right to assert that Filaret (Patriarch of Moscow) all had some relationship to the church and Political Affairs - on the contrary, Hermogenes - the legitimate Patriarch of Moscow - thought he was a victim of the situation.
in March 1610 after the collapse of the Tushino camp Filaret was captured by the Poles, and removed to Joseph Volokolamsk monastery, but soon ran out with the support of the order of Gregory Volueva, and returned to Moscow, found himself in the same honor at the Moscow diocese.
dual power in September 1610 Filaret and Prince Golitsyn in the "Grand Embassy" has moved from Moscow to Smolensk to meet with King Sigismund, after which he sent ambassadors to Poland as prisoners.Caught Filaret spent eight years, and was traded in 1619, and then immediately taken to Moscow, where he was sitting on the throne his own son narodoizbranny Mikhail Fedorovich, in order to occupy the empty space of the Moscow Patriarch.In 1619, on June 24 in the Assumption Cathedral was naming him to the rank - "Filaret, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia."Now Filaret called the royal title "Great Sovereign", began managing equally church and state.
Thus, in Moscow, dual power was established for a period of 14 years, in which the highest government authority had only the king and the Zemsky Sobor, and the letters of his father, the patriarch's son, Emperor reveal the full force of the impact of the patriarch in the conduct of public affairs, and in their entirety describe activitiesPatriarch Filaret.
historians known conciliar verdict in 1619, that "as the earth ustroiti" memo that was created "to become" the patriarch.In it correctly assess the uneven material and financial situation of the population in different parts of the kingdom, it was therefore taken measures such as:
- proper dispensation of service of the estates;
- compile accurate inventory of land and inventories on the basis of their tax-paying to achieve the correct taxation;
- putting in prominence as cash coffers, and its future resources for the determination of income and expenditure;
- actual adoption of measures for the elimination of administrative offenses for the establishment of the state and social order in the country.
All these administration pursued a single goal - the increase of government funds, and the easiest way to correct for population.
also Fedor Nikitivich patronized typography and spent editing ancient texts for errors.
church governance reforms
Events polished life of the patriarch of a political businessman and subtle diplomat.Interests to strengthen his dynastic power stimulated direct all their efforts to manage the affairs of the state in which he was able and tactful leader.But being deprived of theological education, he was particularly restrained and cautious in church affairs.In this area, Filaret cared for the Protection of orthodoxy and was looking for the main danger for the Polish-Lithuanian abroad.For the rest, he went for short-term needs of the church and have never taken steps forward.Thus, political activities Filaret was fruitful and active church.From 1619 to 1633 years of government when it got stronger, and the Romanov dynasty gained support in wide circles of the population, and this is the historical merit of Fyodor Nikitovich.
on all matters relating to religion and the church dispensation, he preferred to consult with Moscow clergy than earned himself considerable fame in her environment.
Family and children
Fedor Nikitivich married the daughter of a poor nobleman from Kostroma Xenia Shestova.They had six children.After the disgrace of Boris Godunov family Fedor Nikitovich, Xenia Ivanovna forcibly tonsured as a nun under the name Martha and sent to Zaonezhsky Tolvuysky churchyard.Son Michael and daughter Tatiana, along with aunts Nastasya and Martha Nikitichna were taken to the village of Klina, located in Yuryev district.
Filaret Patriarch of All Russia, right after returning home from exile and the Polish campaign for enthronement of his son Michael, turned into a thrifty and disgraced Regent.
Death of Patriarch Filaret October 1, 1633 put an end to dual power in the country and finally settled on the throne of the Romanov clan reigned until the 1917.
historical significance Filaret
Being regent minor king Michael and de facto ruler of the country, Patriarch Filaret on his behalf signed public letters, and also has the title of the Great Emperor.
Speaking of Patriarch Filaret, historians are mostly talking about his patronage of printing.Since 1621 clerks Ambassadors order specifically to do the king's production of the first Russian newspaper "orderlies letters."
Patriarch understood the value and pleasure to the development of weapons and metallurgical industries.So Andrew Vinius in 1632 received permission to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich to the base of Russia's first iron-smelting, zhelezodetalnyh and weapons factories near Tula.
Patriarch Filaret of Kiev: Birth and Family
This priest originally from Ukraine.Filaret, Patriarch of Kyiv in the world Michael Antonovich Denisenko, was born in a miner's family January 1, 1929.The place of birth is indicated Blagodatnoye village, located in Amvrosievsky district of Donetsk region.
Despite the mandatory requirements of celibacy, according to the media, public Filaret lived openly with his family - his wife mentioned Eugene P. Rodionov, who died in 1998, and three children - daughter of Faith and Love, and son Andrew.
Studies, and the adoption of a monastery monastic
Denisenko in 1946 graduated from high school, and in 1948 - the Odessa Theological Seminary and was admitted to the Moscow Theological Academy.In January 1950, he, as a sophomore, became a monk, taking the name Filaret.Spring was ordained deacon, and in 1952 was ordained to the priesthood.
held the post and rank
Denisenko In 1952 received a degree in theology and remained in Moscow Theological Seminary to teach the Scriptures of the New Testament.At the same time Filaret was the acting dean of the Trinity-St.The title of associate professor received in March 1954.
In August 1956, Filaret, as abbot, became inspector of Saratov Theological Seminary, then - Kiev Theological Seminary.Administrative Department of the Ukrainian exarchate, he began in 1960, being in the rank of Archimandrite.
In 1961 Denisenko appointed rector of the Russian Orthodox Church monastery in Alexandria, the Patriarchate of Alexandria.
In 1962, Filaret was Bishop of Luga, Leningrad vicar of the diocese.At the same time he was appointed manager of the Riga diocese;the summer of 1962 - Vicar of Central Europe exarchate;in November the same year he became bishop of Vienna and Austria.
In 1964, Filaret was in place vicar of the Moscow diocese, and the bishop has Dmitrov became the rector of the Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary.
member of the Holy Synod raised him to the rank of Archbishop of Kiev and Galicia in 1966.In December of that year Filaret of Kiev became the head of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate.During this time he composed of the delegations of the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Exarchate has made repeated trips abroad, participation in congresses, conferences and assemblies.In 1979, Filaret was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples, and in 1988 - the Order of the Red Banner of Labor for active peacekeeping.
After the death of Pimen - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia - Spring 1990 Filaret became locum tenens of the Patriarchal throne and one of the most likely candidates for the patriarchs, for the election which was convened by the Local Council.In June 1990, the cathedral has been elected the new head of the Russian Orthodox Church - Metropolitan Alexy II.Traditionally, however, it is Patriarch Filaret of Kiev and All Ukraine was considered next in value hierarch of the Russian Church and the most powerful permanent member of the Holy Synod.
Filaret of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church as a spiritual leader
During this period, with the support of Leonid Kravchuk Filaret begin activities aimed at autonomization of the Ukrainian Church.Media talk about the beginning of their "friendly" relations in the period of work Denisenko in the Communist Party of Ukraine.With the proclamation of independence of Ukraine in 1991, Kravchuk strongly stimulated the creation of an autonomous church, the foundation has canonical Ukrainian Orthodox Church - from the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) and Uniates was not necessary to ensure the support of the population currently autonomy.The implication was that the canonical autocephaly as an independent association of the UOC will absorb all of the Orthodox churches in Ukraine and reduce the level of inter-confessional conflicts.
In January 1992, Filaret bishops gathered for a meeting and supported the now Ukrainian President Kravchuk made an appeal to the Patriarch, to all bishops and the Holy Synod, in which the Russian Orthodox Church accused of deliberately delaying the process of positive decision on the issue of autocephaly of the UOC.Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church has already raised this issue in the spring of 1992 in the absence of Filaret.In response to the appeal of the Moscow Patriarchate Filaret it was charged that he uses for autonomy as a tool to strengthen his power in the management of Ukrainian Church, with the provision of the pressure on the local priests to force them to support autocephaly.In the course of this debate Ukrainian Patriarch Filaret was accused of immoral behavior and its gross miscalculations in the management and was required to voluntarily resign the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.Filaret himself voluntarily gave the floor to the bishop that he would not arrange obstacles to the free choice of the Ukrainian Church in the process of the election of its new First Hierarch, but after a while he refused to part with the post of head of the UOC.This was followed by his renunciation of the bishop's oath.Thus arose the religious schism, known in the history of Orthodoxy as "Filaret".Filaret himself justifies his original promise to pressure from the Russian Orthodox Church, and therefore considers it internally.
