geographical position of the Black Sea, probably known to every citizen of our country.Why is that?The fact is that almost all of us at least once in life, but it is on its coast, well, or are planning to go there in your next vacation.
map of the Black Sea Russia shows that our country shares it with the Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania.
about the location, history, climate and the characteristic features of this area of the world ocean and will be discussed in this article.
Section 1. General information
If you look at the Black Sea on the world map, we can see that it belongs to the basin of the Atlantic Ocean, and refers to the type of internal seas.Its area is about 422.0 thousand sq. M.km (according to other sources - 436.4 ths. sq. km).
Visually sea resembles the shape of an oval with the greatest axis of 1150 km.The maximum length from north to south is 580 km.Average depth - 1240 m, and the highest - 2210 m.
Black Sea ports have a number of advantages, as the waters of this area of the world ocean are connected to the Marmara through the Bosphorus, then through the Dardanelles (Hellespont) - with the Mediterranean and the Aegean, andKerch Strait - the Sea of Azov.
In its waters is the line the border between Europe and Asia Minor.In the northern part of the Sea Crimean peninsula juts deep.
its waters wash the territory of several countries: Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Romania, Turkey and Bulgaria.On the north-east coast is partially recognized state of Abkhazia.
Pool Sea possesses a rare property.Its lower layers are filled with hydrogen sulfide, which is why at a depth of over 150 meters is completely absent life (except for certain types of bacteria).
geographical position Black Sea very well.Why is that?The fact is that it is essential economic and transport, strategic and military importance, and one of the largest recreational areas of Eurasia.In the port of Sevastopol and Novorossiisk focused main military base Russia's Black Sea Fleet.
Section 2. History of the Black Sea
Photo Black Sea tend to attract attention, bribing some beauty and immensity.But what do we really know about him?
First of all, we should mention that it is a relatively young sea having unformed ecosystem that continues to grow: the water level changes, new flora and fauna, and some disappear.
in the past, and it is about 8 thousand. Years ago, the sea and all this was a lake.His biological system is highly susceptible to external influences - the influence of climate or human.Although it is much smaller than the ocean and the life in it less diverse, the Black Sea coast and its environment are of interest to scientists.
Section 3. What is the climate disaster?
climate of the Black Sea due to the mid-continent location and mainly refers to the continental type.For this area is characterized by warm, wet winters and dry summers.Southern coast of Crimea and the Caucasus coast protected from the winds by the mountains, so here is Mediterranean subtropical climate.
geographical position of the Black Sea is that the weather conditions have a significant influence of the Atlantic cyclones, which bring the storm and cold snap.Wind south-westerly direction usually bring moist Mediterranean air masses.
In January, the average temperature in the north held up to + 2 ° C, but is cooling to -5 ° C, occasionally snow falls.It is much warmer on the southern coast of the Crimea and the Caucasus.There is rarely below 5 ° C.
The July temperature in the North Sea is on average 25 - +27 ° C.Due to the sea, the air temperature usually does not exceed 37 ° C.
The warmest area is the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, where an average of +17 ° C per year.On the Caucasian Coast accounts for a large amount of precipitation (1500 mm per year), less than the total of the north-west (up to 300 mm per year).
the Black Sea is not subject to freezing, the water cools down below +8 ° C.
Section 4. The local flora and fauna
Have you ever over what kind of organisms inhabit the Black Sea?Characteristics shows that the flora of the Black Sea is made up of more than 260 kinds of green, red and brown algae bottom: kladofora, Ulvi, Cystoseira, eelgrass, etc.
Sea Phytoplankton includes about 600 species, among which there are diatoms and dinoflagellates representatives (dinofizis, aleksandrium, protoperidinium).
fauna less diverse in comparison with, for example, the Mediterranean.In the waters of the sea lives 2,500 species of animals, including mammals, and 160 species of fish, protozoa and 500, 500 crustaceans, molluscs 200 and invertebrates.In the Mediterranean it is today home to about 9,000 species.
At the bottom of the sea found shelter oysters and mussels, shellfish predators Rapana.Among the coastal rocks and stones you can find crabs, there are jellyfish, shrimp, sea anemones and sponges.
At the paucity of wildlife affected by salinity and water temperature, as well as education in the depths of the hydrogen sulphide.However, sea water suitable for the existence of, species that do not require deep.
Section 5. What are the resorts on the Black Sea?
Russian Black Sea resort located in the Krasnodar region.The most popular of them - Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik and Tuapse.Here are built the best and resorts.
located on the Crimean Peninsula resorts Evpatoria, Alushta, Yalta, Sudak, Simferopol, Feodosia, Black and Falcon.A paradise for rest are resorts of Abkhazia.By the major tourist centers of Ukraine is Odessa, which has become in recent years a real gem by the sea.
Sochi
decided to go to the Black Sea?Traveler Reviews unanimously say they do not go there really should not be, and the prerequisite for this is actually a lot.
First, we note that Sochi is the southernmost and warmest resort of Russia.And it is here, on the coast, there are dozens of hotels and resorts.
Beach season in Sochi lasts from May to mid-October.Sunny weather held 300 days a year.The favorable subtropical climate, mineral springs and mud have a recreational and therapeutic effect on humans.Resorts willing to take over the whole year.
nature of this region is unique and inimitable: rugged mountain gorges with rivers, waterfalls and caves, cold lakes, impenetrable forests and alpine ski slopes.These places attract outdoor enthusiasts and extreme sports.
Sochi is famous not only beach holiday, but also cultural attractions.There are many museums, theaters, entertainment centers, restaurants and nightclubs.
Yalta
One of the most famous resort towns of Crimea is Yalta.In addition, it is among one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
This modern resort wonderful place called the Black Sea.The map shows that the beaches here are really huge, stretching for 72 km.
City is the capital of the Crimean resorts and important administrative, cultural and tourist center on the south coast of the Crimea.
abundance of sun and vegetation, warm sand and sea, fresh air, mountains and a huge number of attractions create favorable conditions for rest and recreation.
Abkhazia
In fact, it seems that God himself created these destinations person.Beach season lasts from May to October and 220 days a year you can enjoy the sun.
Sea water has a low salt content, transparency, and perfect for swimming.Tourist Abkhazia - a hospitable people, magnificent nature and many historical monuments.
offers tours to waterfalls, mineral springs and Lake Riza, karst caves and the ruins of the ancient city.The famous resorts of the region - Pitsunda, Gagra, Sukhumi and Gudauta.
Abkhazia's tourism industry is developing rapidly: renovated old boarding houses and built new comfortable hotels, the streets full of restaurants and entertainment venues.One of the popular resort town of Pitsunda is located surrounded by pine forests, which create a special microclimate with healing pine aroma.
here even in hot weather, fresh and cool.All resorts are situated in a picturesque bay near the sea.
Section 6. The movement of water in the Black Sea
believed that the Black Sea ports are a lot of advantages.Let me explain why.Usually this area of the world ocean is quiet and peaceful.Waves appear in windy weather, usually in winter.Their height can reach 15 meters, which is dangerous for small vessels.The tides do not exceed 10 cm and almost invisible.
general in the sea there are two types of flows - surface and double.The first type are caused by cyclone winds and the second image in the Bosphorus and the Kerch Strait and caused by a difference in the density of water in the two basins.
type of surface currents form two closed rings.West ring narrows to the south and is the width of the front of the Danube Delta about 100 km.The speed of this movement is almost 0.5 km / h.Eastern Ring reaches 50-100 km and has a speed of 1 km / h.
double over the Bosphorus is due to water exchange between the Black and Marmara seas.Easier and less salty water flows into the Black Sea of Marmara at a rate of up to 2 km, and in return receives lower over the salty water of the Marmara Sea.
Another double for formed between the Black and Azov Seas.This desalinated water of the Azov Sea gets the upper course of the Black Sea, in return for a salt water.
addition to horizontal, vertical currents are limited by the upper layers of water (up to 80 m).
Section 7. Threats to the sea: wind and fog
geographical position Black Sea clearly indicates that fogs arise over the coast or coastal mainly in the cold season.When the invasion of the land of cold sea air mist formed over the sea near the coast.
On the coast, it appears usually in the spring.Most nebulae observed in winter, especially in the Bosporus Strait (up to 80 days per year).However, there are long-lasting fog.For example, in the winter in Odessa they last up to 10 days.Photos of the Black Sea, made in weather like this, have a particular romanticism and mystery.
The strength and speed of the wind on the sea more than on the coast.When a cyclone over the sea moist air becomes vertically unstable, forming vortex winds and tornadoes, hazardous for small craft.Wind speed winter reaches from 3 to 40 m / sec.Sometimes there are storms.Night winds bring coolness on the coast.
Section 8. The Black Sea currents are dangerous
However, treacherous and ruthless can be and the Black Sea, characteristic of this area of the world ocean is clearly indicates the existence here of variable flow directed around the perimeter clockwise.
currents form two rings, called "Points Knipovich" (in honor of hydrology to describe this phenomenon).The speed of movement depends on the rotation of the Earth.Also, the change affects the current wind strength and direction.Sometimes coastal eddies arise against the main flow (anticyclonic circulation).
Movement upper longshore currents variable and is determined by the wind.One of these trends is called Tyagun formed during a storm.Waves lapping on the shore, powerful streams recede in the image on the sandy bottom of the track.Such flows are very dangerous to humans and can carry out far from the shore.To get one, you need to go to the beach is not a straight line and on a diagonal.
Section 9. Why the sea is restless?An ancient legend
the Black Sea on a map of the world, even the oldest, can be seen quite well.That is why, probably, know about it for a long time, adding myths and epic retelling.And here's one of them.
In ancient times there lived a brave hero, bravery which compose legends.Once the old magician has decided to give him a magic arrow, whose magical power depended on the intention of the person.Once in the hands of the villain, it could bring a lot of misery on the ground.Bogatyr never used it, and without the need for personal gain.Old, he began to look for a man who could be trusted with an arrow.But decent owner could open her secret.Then
hero decided to hide weapons in the Black Sea, and asked his son to take her to the very middle of it.He knew from the first time they fail to fulfill its mandate, and sent them back.Sons will of his father, and lower the boom to the bottom of the sea.This angered the sea, it was noisy and still tries to throw an arrow to the shore.
Section 10. The Black Sea is warming?
Can you say exactly where the Black Sea?The map shows that it is quite necessary to consider the southern maritime border of our state.And, of course, it is still very warm.However, there is a perception that the temperature in it gradually increases.Is it really?
Black Sea (Krasnodar region is the basis of study) filled with hydrogen sulfide, and therefore suitable only for the life of coastal and surface water layers.Incidentally, because of that it belongs to one of the world's seas uninhabited.
also on the ecosystem of the sea adversely affects global warming, which has led to an increase in air temperature in winter and incomplete cooling of the upper layers of the sea.And this in turn complicates the process of vertical rotation of the upper layers of the water to a depth of hydrogen sulphide to maintain boundaries.
warming has led to the fact that the hydrogen sulphide zone has risen to the surface of the sea about 12 meters and the water became lifeless.The volume of water, oxygen-rich, continues to decline, leading to fears of environmentalists.So, the Black Sea, which coordinates 43 ° 17'49 "with.w.34 ° 01'46 "c.e., will likely continue to warm up.
