No historical event can not be considered without the context of designating the era.That's the revolution of 1848-1849 in France, is inextricably linked to the events that determined the mood of the XIX century.
somersaults XIX century
XVIIII century till the end of the country remained an absolute monarchy, symbolized by the Bourbon dynasty.However, the revolution in France in 1789 was the cause of the fall of the usual political system and the execution of King Louis XVI.In 1792 the country was declared a republic.
But the first democratic experience proved unsuccessful.The fall of the monarchy forced the other European countries to unite against the First Republic.The Company has consolidated around the charismatic figure of Napoleon Bonaparte declared himself emperor in 1804 Its expansion in Europe ended in failure.Defeats in Russia, as well as Leipzig and Waterloo put an end to this adventure.Bonaparte was exiled to St. Helena, and his country, began the restoration of the Bourbons (1814 - 1830 gg.).
reactionary policy of the government and its efforts to restore the old order of society forced the bourgeois revolt.The July Revolution in France in 1830 overthrew the unpopular Charles X and brought to the throne of his distant cousin of Louis-Philippe.Riots in Paris surrendered to rumble across Europe and led to unrest in Germany and Poland.
All of these events are the links of one chain, and reflected the difficult evolution of the society in the country.In this sense, the revolution in France in 1848 - is no exception.It merely continued the irreversible process that took place in the XIX century.
Harassment bourgeoisie
All failures of Louis Philippe to the throne were similar in nature."King-bourgeois", who came to power on a wave of liberal attitudes in society, over time, more and more moving away from the policy that was expected of him.This is the reason of the revolution in France.
painful to remain the situation with the right to vote, for which struggled ever since the fall of the Bastille.Despite the fact that the number of people with this privilege grew, their number does not exceed 1% of the total population.In addition, the requirement has been introduced, according to which equal value of votes is canceled.Now the importance of voter determined relative to its income and pay taxes to the treasury.This procedure is extremely weakened position of the petty bourgeoisie, which lost the opportunity to defend their interests in parliament and deprive people of hope, which brought the July Revolution in France.
One of the characteristic behavior of the monarch's foreign policy was accession to the Holy Alliance, which includes Russia, Prussia and Austria-Hungary.All these states were absolute monarchies, and their alliance lobbied the interests of the nobility, bursting into power.
Corruption July Monarchy
itself legislative authority of the State was to remain independent of the crown.However, in practice, this principle is constantly violated.Monarch promoted to deputy ministers and their supporters.One of the colorful characters of the spill was Francois Guizot.He became Minister of the Interior, and later head of the government and actively defended the interests of the king in the main authority.
Gizo outlawed Republicans who were considered the main threat to order.In addition, a protege of Louis Philippe maintained loyal to the government business, trust them large state orders (such as the construction of railways).Nourish power "their" and blatant corruption - major causes of the Revolution in France.
This policy adversely affected the lives of proletarians, in fact deprived of the possibility to appeal to the head of state.Populism monarch first years dulled contradiction with the lower strata of the population, but by the end of his reign is not loved.In particular, the press gave him the unflattering nickname "King of pear" (monarch over the years more and more tuchnel).
Banquets reformists
his immediate start of the revolution in France is obliged to decree Francois Guizot, the ban next meeting of the opposition.Date freethinkers of the time took the form of banquets, which have become a symbol of the era.Since the country there were restrictions on freedom of assembly, electoral reform supporters gathered for the holiday table.Such banquets reformists took a mass character, and the ban of one of them stirred up all the metropolitan society.The mistake was the government and the threat to use force in case of disobedience.
On the day of the forbidden feast (February 22, 1848) Thousands of Parisians stood at the barricades on the streets.Attempt to disperse the demonstrators Gizo with the help of the National Guard failed when the troops refused to fire on the people, and some of the officers and all sided with the protesters.
resignation and renunciation
This turn of events forced Louis Philippe to accept the resignation of the government the following day, on 23 February.It was decided that the new ministers will gather Gizo supporters of the reforms.It seemed that a compromise was reached between the government and society.But that night there was a tragic incident.Sentry guarding the building of the Ministry of the Interior, shot crowd of people.
Kills changed slogans.Now, from the Louis Philippe demanded renunciation.Without wishing to tempt fate, February 24 monarch abdicated.Latest decrees he declared his successor a grandson.The rebels did not want to see another king on the throne, and the next day broke into the Chamber of Deputies, where the decision on the continuity of power.Then it was decided to declare the country a republic.The revolution in France had won.
reforms
In the first days of his interim government was to resolve the conflict with society.The main demand of the rebels was the introduction of universal suffrage.Deputies decided to give the right to vote all of the male population over 21 years.This reform was a real step forward.This freedom could not boast of any country in the world.
At the same time the proletariat demanded affordable and well-paid jobs.To this end, the establishment of national workshops where everyone could get a job.Initial Charge 2 francs per day suited the workers, but the cost of workshops to assist the Government can not afford.By the summer of subsidies were reduced and later innovation was canceled altogether.Instead, the workshops offered to the unemployed to join the army, or to raise the economy of the province.
immediately began rioting.Paris was covered with barricades again.The government no longer control the situation and decided to send troops to the capital.It became clear that the revolution in France is not over yet, but it will be very painful relapse.Suppression workers' uprising, which was led by General Cavaignac, resulted in thousands of casualties.Blood on the streets of Paris forced the country's leadership at the time to stop the reforms.
Election 1848
Despite summer events, presidential elections are still to be held.Voting took place on 10 December and in accordance with the results of his unexpected victory with 75% of support won by Louis Napoleon.
Figure nephew of the legendary Emperor enjoyed the sympathy of society.Even during the reign of Louis Philippe, former immigrant tried to seize power in the country.In 1840, he landed at Boulogne;on his side were many officers of the garrison.However, a failed usurper was arrested by the local regiment and tried.
Contrary to the strict respect to all kinds of revolutionaries Louis Napoleon received only a life sentence in prison.However, he was not restricted in their rights: freely write and produce articles, I received visitors.
Regulation prisoner mode enabled him to enlist the support after the overthrow of the monarchy.Most of the votes cast for him belonged to the commoners and workers, among which the name of Napoleon enjoyed universal respect and memories of the times of the empire.
| French Revolution | 1789 - 1792 |
| first French Republic | 1792 - 1804 |
| First French Empire | 1804 - 1814 |
| Bourbon Restoration | 1814 - 1830 |
| July Monarchy | 1830 - 1848 |
| Second Republic | 1848 - 1852 |
| Second Empire | 1852 - 1871 |
impact on Europe
Europe could not stay away from those trendswhich brought another revolution in France.First of all discontent spread to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which took place not only a crisis of the political system, but there was tension between many nations, united in a large state.
clashes occurred in several provinces, national Hungary, Lombardy, Venice.The requirements are similar: the independence, the establishment of civil liberties, the destruction of the remnants of feudalism.
also the bourgeois revolution in France gave confidence disgruntled sections of the population in the German states.A distinctive feature of the events of the Germans was a demand of the protesters unite disparate country.Intermediate success was the convening of the general parliament - Frankfurt Parliament as well as the abolition of censorship.
Nevertheless, European protests were suppressed and came to naught, but without achieving tangible results.The bourgeois revolution in France once again proved successful unsuccessful attempts neighbors.In some countries (eg the United Kingdom and Russia) no serious opposition to the authorities was not at all, although the objective reasons for discontent with socially disadvantaged groups lacking everywhere.
Results France
Revolution in France, the table which covers several decades of the XIX century, failed to create conditions for a stable political system.Coming to power of Louis Bonaparte, a few years of his presidency, managed to hold a coup and declared himself emperor.The government made another loop in its development, and back a few decades ago.However, age of empires came to an end.Experience in 1848 has allowed the nation after the defeat in the war with Prussia to return to the republican system.
