Decree on Land in 1917 was adopted the day after the Great October Socialist Revolution (November aforementioned eighth year).According to its introduction, abolished property landlords the land without compensation.
Prerequisites for the adoption of this document appeared for a long time about the date of its release.The fact that the program of the Bolsheviks was opposed to other existing programs while the parties who would like to make partial concessions without having to change the whole capitalist system as a whole, including without changing land rights.
April Theses as a basis for future decrees
Decree on Land in 1917 grew out of Lenin's April Theses, which he read out the fourth of April.In his speech, Lenin said at the time that is necessary to confiscate all landed estates and transfer them over to the peasants and establish a Council of Agricultural Labourers' Deputies, which should include representatives of the poorest households.Each large landed estates, which could include between 100 and 300 peasant homesteads, was supposed to create a model farm under the supervision of Agricultural Labourers' Deputies.I must say that the support of such ideas from the first students theses Lenin did not find, and some (AA Bogdanov - scientist, the future leader of the world's first Institute of Blood Transfusion) considered them the ravings of a madman.However, they have been approved by the Sixth Congress of the Bolshevik Party, which was held 8-16 August 1917.
Ideas leader of the revolution - to the masses!
In his April theses VIHe pointed out that the Bolsheviks are in the Council of Workers' Deputies, a small minority, so the party is required to actively disseminate the ideas of the masses, which was done, and quite successfully.There are cases in September and October 1917, when the peasants rioted in a particular locality, accompanied by pogroms, arson estates and requirements for landlords "slaughter them zemlitsy" threatened life.Therefore, the Decree on Land (1917) a fixed part, reaching historical processes of the time.
The land issue has been brewing for a long time
peasant land issue has taken on urgency, certainly not in 1917, but much earlier, and has been linked to the fact that the rural population with the active export of the same grain led a meager existence in many areasTsarist Russia, selling the best of the worst produced and eating, aching and dying.Preserved Zemstvo statistics (in Rybinsk and Yaroslavl Province), according to which already in 1902, 35% of farms in the area did not have a horse, and at 7.3% - of their own land.
tremendous difference in taxation before the revolution
peasants who enthusiastically adopted the Decree on Land of 1917, before its release for many years took allotments and horses for rent, paying as the owners of the means of production (up to half the crop) and the State (taxes).The latter were more than significant, because the acre of land required to bring into the treasury of 1 ruble.97 kopecks., And the yield of the same tithes (under favorable weather conditions) was only about 4 rubles.It is necessary to take into consideration the fact that the nobility farms was levied a tax of two cents (!) For the same tithe, though the size of the estate were equal to 200-300 peasant holdings.
Decree on Land in 1917 gave farmers the opportunity to confiscate not only the landlord but also specific, church and monastery lands to all individuals within their property.These plots could go back to earnings, those who left the village to the city.For example, in the Yaroslavl province in 1902, it was issued about 202 000 pieces of passports.This meant that a number of men (mostly) gone out of their farms.Earth is simple Cossacks and peasants were not subject to seizure.
Letters farmers - an important factor
believed that the decree on the ground in 1917 was based on about 240 "peasant mandates" the newspaper "Izvestia All-Russian Soviet of Peasants' Deputies.It was assumed that the document was to be the guide for operations with the land until the Constituent Assembly.
ban private ownership of land
What followed land reforms of 1917?Decree on the ground reflect the views of farmers that will be the most fair system under which the land can not be privately owned.It becomes public property and goes to work on it people.This stipulated that the persons affected by the "property revolution", are entitled to a temporary public support to adapt to the new conditions of life.
In its second paragraph, the Decree on Land (1917) pointed out that the subsoil and large water bodies are public, while the small rivers and lakes are transferred to communities that have local governments.The document further stated that "highly cultured plantation", ie gardens, greenhouses, go to the State or to the communities (depending on size), and home gardens and orchards are their owners, but the size of plots and the level of taxes they are established by law.
issues not related to land
Decree on Land in 1917 affected not only land issues.It mentions that the horse farms, breeding poultry and livestock are also becoming a national treasure and go to the state, for the benefit of the community or may be redeemed (the issue remained on the decision of the Constituent Assembly).
Household equipment from confiscated lands passed to new owners without compensation, but the theory was not allowed to leave without a land-hungry peasants.
When was the decree on the ground, it was assumed that the share of land may all who are able to handle them on their own, family or partnerships without the use of hired labor.In the case of incapacity of the person rural society to a rehabilitation process it helped the ground, but not more than two years.And when the farmer was aged and could not personally work on the land, he loses the right to use it in exchange for a pension from the state.
each according to his needs
worth noting conditions such as distribution of land according to their needs, depending on climatic conditions, the formation of a nationwide fund managed by local communities and central agencies (in the field).Land Fund could be redistributed if the population has changed, or the performance of allotment.If the user has left the ground, it is fed back into the fund, and it could get other people, especially family members of the retired community members.This radical improvement (reclamation, fertilizers, etc.) Had to be paid.
If the fund does not have enough land to feed it live on farmers at the expense of the state was to be organized resettlement of people in the supply of equipment.In the new areas the peasants had to move in the following order: wishing, then "evil" participants in communities further - deserters, and the rest - by lot or by agreement with each other.
Based on the above, we can say that the Decree on Land adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets on the basis of the available at that time, the economic and political situation.He probably just secured the processes that have occurred in society and were inevitable.
