climatic factors - conditions for the formation of a certain type of climate.This causes affecting temperature, rainfall and other important indicators.Consider the basic climate factors Russia - the largest country in the world by area.
Solar radiation, latitude and other climatic factors
star of our system - the main source of heat in the world.Solar radiation and radiation levels - one of the major causes of climate formation.Because of the spherical shape of the planet's tilt angle unequal rays on the equator, in the tropics and polar latitudes.But not only that condition determines what will be the temperature and the time of year in some areas.There are other major climatic factors:
- circulation of air masses;
- latitude areas;
- terrain features;
- influence of seas, oceans, the proximity of other continents.
Solar radiation
Not all of our star rays reach the earth's surface, with the value of the incoming energy is determined by the location of the area and depend on a number of other reasons.Part of the radiation (about 20%) reflects the upper layers of the atmosphere.About 30% of scattered clouds, dust particles and water droplets.The amount of the sum of the direct and scattered radiation reaching the hard shell of the planet.In this latter form of isolated absorption and reflection of light.
absorption depends on the specific heat and thermal conductivity of the underlying surface.Water has a high specific heat capacity, the oceans and seas absorb 95% of direct radiation, gradually accumulate heat in the summer, winter slowly give.White snow, glaciers absorb about 15% and reflect 85% of the radiation that has reached the surface.For black soil reflectance - 4%.
climatic factors - are interrelated reasons for the formation of climate.Here are examples of the effect on the radiation balance of the other conditions.For example, in Russia when moving from north to south total solar radiation is reduced by about 2.7 times.On Sakhalin Island, located in the Sea of Okhotsk in eastern Russia, the clouds reflect 70% of the sunlight.The result is a more severe climate than at the same latitudes within the continent.
Atmospheric circulation
main reasons for the formation and movement of huge accumulations of air - uneven heating of the earth's surface of the sun.This is one of the main conditions for the creation of different atmospheric pressure on the planet.The characteristics of air masses depend on the place of their formation, so that over the oceans dominated by the sea air, it is wet, on the mainland - a dry continental.Short letter designations for these two varieties - respectively M and K. When studying Russian climatic factors, be sure to describe the three main types of air masses - arctic, temperate and tropical.They can be marine and continental.These abbreviations are used: MAV, CAV, MSY, IMC, MTV, KTV.
types prevailing air masses determine the essential features of climate and weather:
- atmospheric pressure;
- temperature in the surface layer of the atmosphere;
- direction of constant winds;
- transparency of the air;
- humidity.
Air masses are able to transform, to change their physical properties, moving over the surface of the Earth from one region to another.
Geographic Latitude
ratio between the receipt and expenditure of the solar radiation - radiation balance - one of the major climatic factors.It affects the thermal regime of the soil and other surfaces of the lower atmosphere.From the radiation balance depends on the evaporation of water, the transformation of large masses of air a person's life and plants.But what is the main climatic factors?This latitude - the distance from the equator to the studied area on the surface of the Earth.
In July, the angle between the rays and the Earth's surface in the northern tropical zone illumination is nearly 90 °.Then, per unit area, more energy, more heated drying, and from it - the air.The farther from the equator and the tropics, the colder.
Influence latitude climate Russia
consider the effect of the main climatic factors on the example of the Russian Federation.The country stretches from the icy Arctic to the subtropics of the Caucasus, from the Baltic coast to Chukotka and seas of the Pacific Ocean.The climate varies significantly from north to south and from west to east.Mostly temperate air, often invading cold air masses from the Arctic, Siberian anticyclone influence, moist Atlantic air.
great variety, but for Russia the basic climate factor is the distance from the equator.When traveling to the southern borders of the country increases the quantity of solar radiation.The closer to the Arctic Circle and the North Pole, the colder.Thus, from the latitude it depends primarily on long-term weather patterns in different regions of the country.
Relief, the influence of continents and oceans - climatic factors
not always air temperature distribution is strictly obeys the latitudinal zonation and depends only on solar radiation.If you connect the lines with the same Russian city summer temperatures, it is easy to notice that the isotherms are located mainly in July, respectively latitude.But in the European part of Russia isotherm January 0, -8, -10 ° C lie further north than Siberia.It softens the territory up to the Urals climate influence of the Atlantic Ocean and its warm currents.
located meridian chain of the Ural Mountains delays humid and warm air from the Atlantic.On the Pacific coast of the isotherm in July is lower than at the same latitudes in the country, due to the effects of the summer monsoon and the prevalence of Sakhalin Island diffuse radiation.When climbing in the mountains the temperature falls even on the same latitude.
Siberian High (Siberian anticyclone)
Over the territory of Mongolia from November to March is dominated by an area of high atmospheric pressure.Forming air mass with low temperatures of the CAV, coming from the north.At this time, the climate of the region is almost not affected the Pacific Ocean.Mountains of Southern and Eastern Siberia prevent spreading cooled air.The result are the lowest in Russia and throughout the northern hemisphere, the temperature in the surface layer of the atmosphere (from -40 to -70 ° C.).
observed temperature inversions, when cold air is stagnant basins.Then, at about 2 km warmer by about +10 ... 20 ° C than in the depressions, and the surface of the earth.Find out what factors are climate-we have seen that it is important not only the causes, but also the combination of conditions in a particular area.
The climate in the center and north of European Russia more rainfall than the same latitude in Eastern Siberia.On the west of the country comes from the Atlantic MSY, prevails cyclone activity (low temperature, sleet, showers).The Arctic Circle rainfall is low, there is the influence of CAV, poor moisture.In Siberia and the Urals continental climate is different from the European regions of the country.Summers are relatively warm and short winter - long, very cold.
In southern Astrakhan region significantly affected by such climatic factors: the geographical latitude and the associated value of the solar radiation, atmospheric circulation.It may be noted the impact on the climate and weather, hot and dry summer KTV, who comes from Kazakhstan and Central Asia.Receipt of the air masses on the Black Sea coast of Russia detained high mountain ranges.
specific conditions of Kamchatka formed in a combination of sea and sharp-continental climate types.The region is characterized by frequent changes in the weather, strong winds, significant rainfall in the winter - in the form of heavy snowfall.
Climatic weapons
find out what climatic factors, we focused mainly on natural processes and phenomena.Required to explain such facts as the increase in average air temperatures and irregular rainfall in the last decade.It is a natural law, or the result of anthropogenic climate change?
simple answer to this question is difficult to give.Do not subsiding debate about whether climate weapon is used, created or it just developed.Especially active was discussed during an extreme heat wave in Russia in the summer of 2010.The temperature in the central region was 10 ° C higher than the average for the region.The year was the hottest since the end of the XIX century.There were massive forest fires, there was a surge of mortality among the population.
Climatic weapons - is a way of controlling the weather for military purposes.The enemy is suffering losses as a result of natural disturbances (drought, floods).On the creation of climate weapons scientists US and the USSR began to work in the middle of the last century.Such actions are contrary to the UN Convention, which prohibits the military use of environmental modification techniques.The US government denies the artificial impact on the environment with the aim of causing damage to other states, the population and the environment.
