Human civilization has reached a high stage of development.And one of the defining characteristics of this is the diversity of culture.
definition
culture, forms of culture and its species - is a complex and multifaceted concept encompassing all spheres of human activity.Perhaps no more than words, which would have existed a number of definitions.And in fact, what we mean by the concept of "culture"?The forms of culture - what they are and how many there are?
First of all, it is the development of human society as a whole and understanding of the fine.It's all material and cultural achievements of civilization.And from this point of view, all that has been and will be done by man - it is a culture.The forms of culture which is why so difficult to clearly delineate and define.The first tools - a human achievement, but a simple woman's needlework in this case - too.
Moreover, culture - is a certain level of civilization.Therefore, this term is used to refer to the history of historical periods: ancient, medieval and modern culture.
The concept of the common man is the - art, theaters and museums, literature.People, things, and even society as a whole are used to assess the terms of the ideal state: a man of culture, high culture performance.Therefore, the definitions of the word "culture" so much.
Three approaches to the definition of
Anthropological - a recognition of the value of each country's culture and people.This broader approach, in which is given the highest number of definitions of the concept under consideration.
philosophical - his task is not only to describe cultural phenomena, but also to penetrate their essence, to give them an explanation.
Sociological - the study of culture as one of the main factors of education and social development.
History of the term
culture existed long before there was a term denoting it.For the first time this word is found in ancient Rome, in written sources I-II centuries BC.It was a labor of farming.It belonged to Cato the Elder, who in his treatise he wrote not only about how to work the land, but also on how well you need to choose a site for agriculture, so that it causes pleasant emotions and liked his master, otherwise there is a good culture.Here, the word sounded in Latin meaning "to cultivate anything."
Later this term the Romans got some more values: education, development, worship.
In Europe, the period of XVII-XVIII centuries the word "culture" was first used in the writings of the historian Pufendorf.Interestingly, a man of culture, he called the man who was brought up, as opposed to uneducated individuals.
common usage, the term has made the German scholar Johann Christoph Adelung.He wrote an essay in which he gave his explanation.Under the culture he understood self-education activities of individuals and peoples.
should be noted that each century adds to the definition of the word a bit, and this process is likely not over yet.
Two concepts culture
As mentioned above, human civilization has reached a higher stage of development.Throughout the existence of society is a continuous formation of culture.It exists in history and can not be viewed outside the historical framework.There are two concepts of culture:
1. It is a single process of development, equally affecting all countries.
2. Each person populated region has its own unique path of development.
first concept involves a single path of cultural development in all nations.Those who are not subject to certain limits, are "wild" and "backward".This approach to understanding culture existed until the XX century.
second concept rejects the notion of cultural backwardness of certain peoples and speaks of their uniqueness and peculiar way of development.
Cultural History: periodization and stages of formation
traditionally are six periods of its formation and development:
1. Primitive.The forms and varieties of crops this time stayed still in an embryonic form.Just starting to emerge rules and regulations, there is the mythology and art (cave paintings, sculptures).
2. Culture of the Ancient World, which includes the culture of Antiquity and the ancient East.
3. Culture of the Middle Ages.
4. The culture of the Renaissance, or Renaissance.She is the timeframe refers to the period of the Middle Ages, but in scale and influence the next generation include a specific period.
5. The culture of modern times.
6. Modern culture.Starting at the end of the XIX century, and there are at the present time.
Science and methods for studying
forms and varieties of cultures are so diverse that they are engaged in the study of several sciences.The main of them - cultural studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy and sociology of culture and cultural studies.
Cultural - modern science that studies the development of culture.The main methods of applicability in the study: historical and logical.The first is aimed at understanding how did this or that culture, what steps it has evolved and what has evolved as a result.Second, logical method, allows you to compare, compare a particular culture with others.
main cultural forms: general description of
question of typology - one of the most difficult in the cultural studies.He is still a subject of controversy scientists.The types and forms of culture are too diverse to be able to clearly delineate them from each other and to allocate certain types.Therefore, there are many different variants of the typology of culture.The typology allows you to organize the objects under consideration for some of their common features.
The simplest and most obvious is the division into three forms of culture: material, spiritual and physical.
material culture - all that man-made to meet their needs.It includes articles of manufacture and crafts, a variety of facilities, tools.The real objects of material culture are called artifacts.
This species has a complex structure consisting of several directions:
1. Agriculture.It ensures the survival of man.
2. Facilities and buildings.
3. Tools that provide physical and mental labor rights.
4. Transport and communications (mail, radio, telephone, computer networks).
5. Technology.
In XX century - as a continuation of the material - began to allocate more economic.
spiritual culture.Its objects are morality, ideology, religion, art, philosophy, literature, folklore, education.That is all that is the product of the sphere of consciousness.It is not connected with real objects, but with intelligence, feelings and emotions.
should be noted that these two types is not always possible to clearly define.For example, the art of design and the great monuments equally apply to both material and spiritual culture.
forms of spiritual culture are very diverse and include religion, mythology, art, philosophy.
Religion - is a special kind of man's relationship to himself and to the world, belief in a higher power, they worship.The most important concepts in religion - it is good and evil, faith, morality.
Mythology - a folk legend in the form of epics, fairy tales and myths.They existed at different stages of development in any society and the people.
art - a way of understanding reality.In general, the concept of art and culture as a very broad and multifaceted.
philosophy - one of the ways of knowing the world, the study of the laws of its development.
spiritual culture has its own peculiarities.It is most sensitive to the social impact, and its products are valuable in themselves, even without translating them into tangible form.
Physical education - is a creative type of activity, which is expressed in bodily form and is designed to meet the primary needs of man.It includes: the culture of physical development (everything related to health promotion, up to professional sports), recreation (restoration and maintenance of health), and sexy.
In addition, cultural typology is also divided into traditional, industrial and postindustrial.
forms of culture
Given the complexity and diversity of the reporting term, as a culture can be divided into the following form:
1. World Culture - the collection of all the best achievements of mankind in the history of its existence.
2. National - synthesis of material and spiritual values, norms of behavior and beliefs of the nation.As a rule, it is not created by the whole society, and its most educated part of - writers, poets, scientists, artists.One should distinguish between national and ethnic culture.This is a different species, although at first glance they are very similar.
3. Ethnic - always strictly localized in specific geographical framework.It is homogeneous in its structure and scope is usually covers consumer culture.
4. dominant - traditions, customs, values that are shared by only part of society, but it is the largest and has the tools of influence on the rest.
5. Subculture - the traditions, norms, rules of conduct of any particular social group.Species her very much: hippie, punk, emo, gothic representatives, majors, hackers, and other bikers.Sometimes a kind becomes the opposite of the dominant culture.
6. Elite (high) - created by professionals on their own or by request of the privileged strata of society.Her views, in turn, are the visual arts, literature, classical music.
7. mass forms of culture - it can be called the opposite of elitist.It is created on a large scale for a wide range of population.Its main task - entertainment and profit.This is one of the newest forms of culture, which owes its existence to the rapid development in the XX century mass media.They are divided into the following types:
• mass media - television, newspapers and radio.They disseminate information, have a strong influence on society and targeted at different groups of people.
• media exposure - advertising, film, fashion.Their impact on society is not always regular.Most often, they are oriented to the average consumer, not on the individual groups.
• Communication tools - these include internet, mobile and telephone.
Recently, some researchers proposed to allocate another kind of mass culture - the computer.Computers & Tablets virtually replaced the many users of books, television and newspapers.With their help, you can instantly get any information.In its effects this kind of culture is catching up with the media, and the further spread of computers in a short time and can beat them.
8. Screen - one of the forms of popular culture.It got its name from the method for displaying on the screen.It includes movies, computer games, television series, video game consoles.
9. People form of culture (folklore) - as opposed to the elite, it is created, anonymous amateurs.It can also be called an amateur.This folk art, which is born from the work and everyday life.Passing from generation to generation, constantly enrich the national culture.
Features cultures of different countries and eras
Each country, ethnic group or nation has its own special culture.Sometimes the differences may be invisible, but more often they are immediately apparent.Caucasian hardly see the difference between the culture of the peoples of the Incas and Mayans.Not much different in his eyes the art of ancient China and Japan.But it is easy to distinguish the culture of any European country from Asia.
As an example, the legacy of ancient China.What features does it have?It is a strict hierarchical society, observance of rituals, the lack of a single religion.
functions
no need to prove that culture plays a major role in the life of the individual and society as a whole.It performs the following functions:
1. Informative.Culture, summing up the experience of previous generations, collects valuable information about the world that helps a person in his cognitive activity.A separate company will be so intelligent, how deep it is studying and applying the experience and knowledge contained in the gene pool.
2. The normative (regulatory): taboos, rules, regulations, morality designed to regulate personal and social life of man.
3. Education (Educational) - it is culture that makes a person a person.Being in society, we develop knowledge, rules and regulations, language, culture, behavior, traditions - both their social community, and global.On how many people learned from cultural knowledge, will depend on what he, in the end, will be.All this is achieved by a long process of upbringing and education.
4. Adaptive - helps a person to adapt to the environment.
national culture
Russia - a multiethnic country.Its development was influenced by national cultures.The uniqueness of Russia is the extraordinary diversity of traditions, beliefs, moral rules, regulations, customs, aesthetic tastes, which is associated with the specific cultural heritage of different nations.
Russian culture is dominant in the Russian Federation.That is quite understandable, since most are ethnic Russian among the other peoples of the country.
All existing typologies of our culture has always considered separately.Domestic and foreign cultural experts agree that Russian culture - a phenomenon peculiar.It can not be attributed to any of the known types.It does not belong to the western or the eastern, is somewhere in the middle.This borderline, an ambivalent situation and led to the formation of internal contradictions of Russian culture and national character.
Yes, and it was formed quite differently than in the East or the West.A huge influence on its development had a fight with raids of nomads, the adoption of Christianity (while the West has got a lot of power Catholicism), the Mongol yoke, union impoverished and weakened Russian principalities into a single state.
This Russian culture never developed as an integral phenomenon.She has always been inherent dualism.It is constantly present two opposite principles: the pagan and Christian, Asian and European.The same duality is inherent in the nature of the Russian people.On the one hand, it is humility and compassion, on the other - the stiffness.
important feature of Russian culture was that it came on a multi-ethnic basis.The core of the future of the Russian people, the Eastern Slavs in the resettlement process are faced with the Turkic and Finno-Ugric tribes, partly assimilate them and absorb elements of the culture of these peoples.
Stages of development of Russian culture
1. Ancient period.
Speaking about the development of Russian culture, it is worth noting that at the beginning of a great influence on her had a Slavic culture.Slavs, to separate them into three groups, living in Central and Eastern Europe.They settled at rivers and streams, in a safe place, such as in a remote forest.The main occupation was farming, fishing, and various crafts.The Slavs were pagans and worshiped gods, nature spirits and ancestors.As found at the site household items, jewelry and weapons shows the influence of the Scythian tribes and ancient culture.
2. Culture of Kievan Rus.
beginning of this period due to the adoption of Christianity in Russia.The material culture that existed before, has changed little.However, huge changes have occurred in the area of spirituality.Through Orthodoxy got an impetus to the development of such types of art as painting, architecture, music, literature.
