Crusades as a military and religious phenomenon occurred during the reign of the Roman Pope Gregory the Seventh and were directed to an exemption from the "infidels" of Palestine and Jerusalem, where the tomb of the Lord, and the spread of Christianity through military means among the pagans, Muslims, residents of the Orthodox statesand heretical movements.In the following century, the Crusades were mainly for the Christianization of the population of the Baltic states, the suppression of heretical manifestations in several European countries, or to solve some personal problems of individuals, who headed the Vatican throne.
total of nine military campaigns.To strive for the main participants in the Third Crusade?The table reflects some of their claims in a particular campaign in general as:
who went to the Crusades?
Active participants of the Third Crusade in its composition is not very different from the troops who took part in similar actions earlier.For example, in the first march was attended by many French nobles of the time, who with their retinues and the adjacent monks and townsfolk (there were even children ready to go to the "infidels" in the name promised the pope for forgiveness of all sins) in different ways came to Constantinople in1097 crossed the Bosphorus.
Three hundred thousand Crusaders participated in one of the marches
Total Crusaders reached approximately one third of a million people.Two years later, they fought reached Jerusalem, cutting off a significant portion of the Muslim population living here.Then the knights with their armies fought wars with both the Muslims and the Greeks, Byzantines, and others. They founded several Christian states on the territory of Lebanon, who controlled the trade between Europe, China and India, as long until they were discovered new ways to Asianland through Eastern Russia.Russian trade through the land and tried to control with the help of the Crusaders, so supporters of the military-religious movement is the longest preserved in the Baltic States.
ancient Edessa as a pretext for war
members of the Third Crusade (1147-1149) actually were involved in the second crusade.This event also begins with the arrival in Constantinople, the German King Conrad and his troops in 1147.The prerequisites for the second wave of hostilities in the Holy Land was the fact that Muslim civilization has intensified and began to return to her earlier captured from the ground.In particular, was captured Edessa, Jerusalem died, King Fulk, who had also possessions in France, and his daughter could not provide adequate protection of the interests of the rebellion of vassals.
St. Bernard blessed the Germans and the French in the campaign
Participants Third Crusade (actually the second, in the middle of the 12th century) were preparing for several years.It was assumed that for it to actively speak Pope Eugene third, which, however, at the time as the authority has been weakened democratic trends in Italy (under the leadership of Arnold of Brescia).French ruler Louis the Seventh, a knight of the spirit, too, underwent some fluctuations until the campaign was not blessed by the Pope in the name of St. Bernard, who read the sermon on the need for the release of the Holy Sepulcher in 1146, inspiring the population of middle and southern France.3 members Crusade (historians consider it the second) came from France a total of about 70 thousand people, which joined on the way as many people of the pilgrims.A year later, St. Bernard called the same wave of popular movement among the German population, when he arrived on a visit to King Conrad.
crossed the Bosphorus, Germanic King Conrad faced with the resistance of the Seljuks, they could not go into the country and, eventually returned to their homeland (including Conrad and King Ludwig seventh).The French went along the coast of Asia Minor, and the most notable of them sailed to Syria in 1148.Ground forces almost entirely lost during the transition.Edessa, the Crusaders have beaten off the "infidels", was again conquered by Muslims, Nur al Din conquered land next to Antioch, the Kurds, led by Shirk conquered Egypt, which reigned after the famous Saladin, the Muslim and subjugate Syria, Damascus and part of Mesopotamia.
worsening of relations in the East after the death of Baldwin Fourth
In those years in Jerusalem, the rules seriously ill with leprosy Fourth Baldwin, who was a good diplomat and well maintained neutrality between Jerusalem and Damascus.However, after his death, one of Guy de Lusignan married to the sister of Baldwin, proclaimed himself king of Jerusalem and Saladin began to provoke military action, which last more than succeeded, reclaimed from the crusaders, almost all the land.
military successes of Saladin led to the fact that in Europe there were potential participants in the Third Crusade, who wanted to take revenge on him.A new military operation in the east with the blessing of the Pope led Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip Augustus II (French) and Richard the Lion-Hearted - King of England at the time.It is worth noting that Philip and Richard clearly did not like each other.This was due to the fact that Philip was a master of intrigue (including with his brother Richard, John Landless, who led England in the absence of the basic ruler), which is not distinguished his English opponent.The latter, however, has suffered a lot, not floating military force of the state.
Frederick Barbarossa was a cautious commander
Such relations were together the heads of states - participants of the Third Crusade.Frederick first, as some historians, was far from such squabbles and preparing for his company in the East very carefully.There is some evidence that he was before the campaign and held talks with the Byzantine Empire, and the Sultan of Iconium, and perhaps with himself sultan Saladin.Under a contract with the Byzantine emperor participants 3 crusade received free passage through the land and the supply of provisions on pre-established prices.Hungarian King Bela, who was not involved in the campaign, had an army of Barbarossa through its territory optimal way.But on the way to the Germans began to attack the gang of robbers.The Crusaders began to enter the number of local residents who were dissatisfied with their rulers, which increased the number of armed clashes.
difficulties encountered by the German participants of the Third Crusade?1 Friedrich did not realize that after crossing the Bosphorus in March 1190 had already exhausted troops will have to go through Asia Minor, formerly devastated by war with the Seljuks, where they will experience problems with the pack animals and provisions.King of Germany won a major victory at Iconium, but in Cilicia, across mountain river Salef Frederick drowned and died.It ruined the success of the enterprise as part of the Crusaders was forced to return to Europe by sea, as part come down to Agra (the main goal hike), led by the Duke of Swabia he took part in the battles with the other Christians.
Richard and Philip went by sea
Other high-level participants of the Third Crusade (1189-1192) came to the siege of Agra with his troops in the spring of 1190.On the way, Richard managed to capture Cyprus.But Agra, mainly because of the contradictions between Richard and Philip, lasted until the summer of 1191, almost two years.Some French knights then sailed home under the guidance of the king.But some, like Henry of Champagne, Burgundy Hugo and others. Remained to fight in Syria, where the defeated Saladin at Arsuf, but failed to return to Jerusalem.In September 1192 the participants of the Third Crusade signed a peace treaty with the Sultan, in which only Christians could visit the Holy City.Richard the Lionheart then returned to his homeland.Around the same period, there was the Teutonic order of knights, which is obtained by converting a German hospital fraternity of St. Mary, organized during the invasion of the East.
results Crusades
What results were the States Parties Third Crusade?The table shows that the Europeans and the peoples of the East, soon lost more of these historic events.But it is worth noting that the Crusades as a result have not only the death of large numbers of people, the weakening of the medieval forms of government, but also contributed to the rapprochement between a class of different nationalities and peoples and contributed to the development of navigation and trade, the spread of Christianity, the interpenetration of cultural values of the Eastand the West.
