believed that the March 21, 1921, our country has moved to a new form of commodity-economic relations in this day signed a decree ordering to abandon the surplus to go and collect the food tax.That's what started the NEP.
Bolsheviks realized the need for economic cooperation as a tactic of war communism and terrorism gave more negative effect in terms of strengthening separatist phenomena on the fringes of the young republic, and not only there.
With the introduction of the new economic policy was pursued by the Bolsheviks a number of economic and political goals:
- relieve tension in the society, strengthen the authority of the young Soviet government.
- restore the economy of the country is completely destroyed as a result of the First World and the Civil War.
- Lay the foundation for an effective planning of the economy.
- Finally, it was very important to prove the "civilized" world relevance and legitimacy of the new government, because at that time the Soviet Union was in a strong international isolation.
Today we talk about the essence of how the new policy of the government of the USSR, and discuss the main causes coagulation of the NEP.This subject is very interesting, because a few years of the new economic policy was largely determined by the features of the political and economic structure of the country for decades to come.However, far from it, as would like the creators and founders of this phenomenon.
essence of the phenomenon
As it usually happens in our country, the NEP was introduced in haste, haste with the adoption of the decrees was terrible, a clear plan of action, no one was.Identify best practices and appropriate implementation of the new policy was carried out almost in its entirety.Therefore it is not surprising that they managed not without a lot of trial and error.So it is with the economic "freedom" for the private sector: the list is expanded, then narrowed almost immediately.
The essence of the policy of the NEP was that while maintaining its powers in the policy and management of the Bolsheviks, the economic sector gets more freedom, allowing the formation of market relations.In fact, the new policy can be regarded as a form of authoritarian rule.As we already mentioned, the policy includes a series of measures, many of which openly contradicted each other (the reasons for this has already been mentioned above).
Political aspects
As for the political side of the issue, the NEP was a classic Bolshevik autocracy in which all dissent in this area harshly suppressed.In any case, deviations from the "center line" of the party is not exactly welcome.However, in the economic sector experienced quite a bizarre fusion of elements of a purely administrative and market methods of farming:
- State retains full control over all traffic, large and medium industries.
- In the private sector there was some freedom.For example, citizens can lease land, to hire workers.
- Allows development of private capitalism in some sectors of the economy.At the same time legally inhibited many initiatives that capitalism itself, which in many ways makes the whole undertaking meaningless.
- permitted to lease state-owned enterprises.
- Trade became relatively free.This explains the relatively positive results of the NEP.
- At the same time, between town and country expanded conflict whose effects are still being felt: the industrial centers were given tools and equipment for which the people had to pay a "live" money, while in the city for free took food requisitioned countfood tax.Over time, this has led to the actual enslavement of the peasants.
- The industry had limited self-financing.
- was carried out financial reforms, which largely improve the economy.
- management of the economy was partly decentralized, derived from the power of the central government.
- appeared piecework wages.
- Although the State is placed in the hands of private traders international trade, making the situation in this area has improved dramatically too.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, you must clear idea about what causes clotting NEP largely lay in his origins.On them, we now discuss.
Separate attempts to reform
Most Bolsheviks made concessions to farmers, cooperatives (at the beginning of the Great Patriotic namely small producers provided the execution of public procurement), and small industrialists.But it should be clearly understood that the features of the NEP, which was conceived and which receive as a result, are very different from each other.
In the spring of 1920 the authorities came to the conclusion that between town and country is easiest to organize the direct exchange of goods, simply by exchanging equipment and other industrial products for food and other products produced in the village.Simply put, the NEP in Russia was originally conceived as another form of tax in kind, in which the peasants were allowed to sell their remaining surplus.
So authorities hoped to encourage farmers to increase plantings.However, if we examine these dates in Russian history, it becomes clear to the complete failure of this policy.People at that time preferred to wreak as little as possible, not wanting to feed a horde of urban residents received nothing in return.Convince embittered peasants failed: by the end of the year it became very clear that there is no increase in the gross grain harvest is not expected.To the NEP continued, we needed some decisive steps.
food crisis
As a result of the winter was a terrible famine swept the regions that are home to at least 30 million people.Hunger deaths of about 5.5 million.The country added more than two million orphans.To ensure that the industrial centers of the bread, it required no less than 400 million pounds, and many simply did not exist.
using brutal methods, with and without "stripped" the peasants managed to collect only 280 million.As you can see, very similar features had two completely opposite at first glance strategy: War Communism and the NEP.Compare them shows that in both cases, the peasants in the villages were often forced to give for nothing the entire crop.
Even the most ardent supporters of military communism recognized that further attempts fleecing villagers to anything good will not result.Social tension has risen dramatically.By the summer of 1921 it became abundantly clear that the real need to expand economic freedoms of the population.Thus, the policy of War Communism and the NEP (initially) much more closely linked than many had imagined.
course correction
By the autumn of that year, when a third of the country appeared on the brink of famine, the Bolsheviks went to the first serious assignment: finally canceled the medieval trade, passed the market.In August 1921 a decree was issued on the basis of which was to operate the economy of the NEP:
- As we said, embarked on a decentralized management industries.Thus, the number of central boards was reduced from fifty to 16.
- enterprises were given some freedom in the area of self-marketing.
- not leased businesses had to be closed.
- on all state industries was finally introduced real material incentives for employees.
- leaders of the Bolshevik government to admit that the NEP in the Soviet Union to become really capitalist, will improve the country's economic system through effective commodity-money, and not the natural turnover of funds.
To ensure the normal maintenance of commodity-money relations, in 1921, was created by the State Bank, opened offices for the issue of loans and acceptance of savings, as well as introduced a mandatory fee for use of public transport, public utilities and the telegraph.It was completely restored in the tax system.To strengthen and fill the state budget, he struck out a lot of expensive paper.
All further financial reform was aimed strictly at strengthening the national currency.So, since 1922 it was launched a special currency, Soviet gold pieces.In fact, it was the equivalent (including the content of gold) replacement of imperial ten.This measure is very positive impact on confidence in the ruble, which soon gained recognition abroad.
¼ of the new currency was provided with precious metals, some foreign currencies.The remaining ¾ ensured through promissory notes, as well as some products of high demand.We note that the government is strictly prohibited to extinguish the gold coins caused the budget deficit.They are intended solely for the operation of the State Bank, for certain foreign exchange transactions.
contradictions NEP
We need to clearly understand one simple thing: the new government has never (!) Does not set a goal to build some market state with full private ownership.Proof of that is the famous words of Lenin: "Nothing often we do not recognize ...".He constantly demanded from associates tightly control economic processes, so that the NEP in the USSR was never really independent economic phenomenon.It is because of the absurd administrative and party pressure the new policy did not produce even half of those positive results, for which we could expect otherwise.
general, NEP and war communism, which often provides a comparison of some of the authors in a purely romantic aspect of the new policy, were extremely similar, no matter how strange it may seem.Of course, they were especially similar to the initial deployment period of economic reform, but then common traits can be traced without much difficulty.
The crisis
Already in 1922 Lenin said that further concessions to the capitalists must be completely stopped, that the NEP passed.Reality has corrected these aspirations.Already in 1925, the maximum permitted number of employees on farms has been increased to a hundred people (previously - no more than 20).Kulak was legalized cooperatives, landowners can donate their land for rent for up to 12 years.It was to lift the ban on the establishment of credit unions, as well as fully resolved out of the communal farms (cuts).
But in 1926, the Bolsheviks took the course on policy, the purpose of which was the reduction of the NEP.Many of the solutions that people got a year ago, were completely abolished.Under the newly-kick hit his fists, so that small-scale productions were almost completely buried.Pressure on private business executives grew steadily both in the city and in the countryside.Many of the results of the NEP were virtually nullified due to the fact that the leaders of the country did not have enough experience and unanimity in matters of political and economic reforms.
Collapse NEP
Despite all the measures taken by the contradictions in the social and economic sphere became more serious.We had to decide what to do next: continue to act purely economic methods or produce clotting NEP and return to methods of War Communism.
As we already know, defeated supporters of the second method, which was headed by Stalin.To neutralize the effects of the crisis bread collection in 1927, had taken a number of measures of an administrative nature: again significantly enhanced role in the management of the administrative center of the economic sector, virtually abolished the autonomy of enterprises, industrial products were significantly increased prices.In addition, the government resorted to an increase in taxes, all farmers who do not want to take the bread was judged.When arrests made complete confiscation of property and livestock.
Dekulakization owners
Thus, only in the Volga region has been arrested more than 33 thousand farmers.Archives show that about half of them lost all the property.Virtually all agricultural equipment, which was purchased by the time some large farms were forcibly removed in favor of the collective farms.
studying these dates in Russian history, you can see that in those years was completely stopped lending to small enterprises, leading to very negative consequences in the economic sector.These events were held across the country, sometimes reaching the point of absurdity.In 1928-1929 gg.on large farms began phasing out, selling cattle, implements and machines.The blow large farms for political purposes, to show the futility of the alleged conduct of the individual economy, undermines the foundations of the productive forces in the agricultural sector.
Conclusions
So, what are the causes coagulation of the NEP?This is due to profound internal contradictions in the leadership of the young country, which only compounded when trying familiar but ineffective methods to stimulate the economic development of the USSR.In the end, it does not help even a radical strengthening of administrative pressure on private traders, who by that time had not seen the special prospects in the development of its own production.
should be understood that the NEP has not turned a couple of months: in agriculture that happened in the late 20s, the industry was not out of work for about the same period, while trade lasted until the early 30s.Finally, in 1929, it adopted a resolution on the crossing of the socialist development of the country, which determined the sunset era of the NEP.
main causes of clotting NEP lies in the fact that the Soviet leadership, wanting to quickly build a new model of social order under the condition surrounding the capitalist states of the country, was compelled to resort to overly rigid and extremely unpopular methods.
